📚 Edexcel A Level Physics Data, Formulae and Relationships: A Complete Guide | Edexcel A-Level 物理数据、公式与关系手册完全指南
Every Edexcel A Level Physics paper comes with a small printed booklet called the Physics Data, Formulae and Relationships Booklet. Students often treat it as a safety net, but the strongest candidates treat it as a map: they know exactly what is inside, exactly what is not, and exactly where to look when the clock is running. This guide walks through the structure of the booklet, the constants and equations it contains, the ones it does not, and the revision strategy that turns it into marks.
每份 Edexcel A-Level 物理试卷都会随卷附上一本薄薄的纸质小册子，全称是《物理数据、公式与关系手册》（Physics Data, Formulae and Relationships Booklet）。很多同学把它当成"保命符"，但真正拿高分的学生把它当成一张地图：他们清楚里面有什么、没有什么，也清楚在考场倒计时里该往哪一页翻。本文会逐层拆解这本手册的结构、收录的常数与公式、没有收录的内容，以及如何把这份资料转化成实打实的分数。
1. What the Booklet Actually Is | 这本手册到底是什么
The Data, Formulae and Relationships Booklet is a controlled reference document issued by Pearson Edexcel for its A Level and International A Level Physics specifications. It is printed with every examination paper, and it is identical for every candidate sitting that paper. It is not a revision guide, not a textbook summary and not a list of answers: it is the exam board saying, in writing, which constants and equations you are permitted to look up rather than memorise.
《数据、公式与关系手册》是 Pearson Edexcel 为其英国本土 A Level 与国际 A Level 物理考纲统一发布的受控参考资料。它与每份试卷一同印刷、一同发放，同一场考试中所有考生拿到的版本完全一致。它不是复习指南、不是教材摘要、更不是答案清单；它的本质是考试局以书面形式告诉你：哪些常数和公式允许你查阅、而不必背诵。
The current official PDF is available here: edexcel a-level-physics-data-formulae-relationships. Download it, print it, and keep it inside the front cover of your notes from the first week of the course onward.
官方最新版的 PDF 可以在这里下载：edexcel a-level-physics-data-formulae-relationships。建议你下载后打印一份，从开课第一周起就夹在笔记首页，让它成为你熟悉的工具而不是考场上陌生的附件。
One important caveat: the exam board occasionally updates the booklet when a specification is revised. Always confirm that the version you are practising with matches the version issued for your examination series. If a formula is in your printed copy but absent from the exam copy, you will be caught out badly.
需要特别注意一点：考纲修订时，考试局偶尔会更新手册内容。请务必确认你平时练习使用的版本，与你实际参加的那一次考试系列所配发的版本一致。如果某个公式在你手上的旧版里有、而考场版里没有，那就会非常被动。
2. How the Booklet Is Organised | 手册的整体结构
The booklet is organised into three broad parts: a data table of physical constants, a set of formulae grouped by topic, and a set of relationships that describes how quantities depend on one another. The topic grouping follows the specification order closely, so finding an equation is a matter of knowing which topic you are in rather than scanning line by line.
手册在结构上大致分为三大部分：一张物理常数数据表、一组按主题归类的公式，以及一组描述物理量之间依赖关系的"关系式"。这些主题的排列顺序与考纲顺序高度一致，所以能否快速找到公式，取决于你是否清楚当前题目属于哪个主题，而不是逐行扫描。
| Part | 部分 | What it contains | 内容 | Typical use | 典型用途 |
| Data | 数据 | Values of fundamental constants, particle masses, unit conversions | 基本常数数值、粒子质量、单位换算 | Plugging numbers into equations; checking whether an answer is sensible | 代入计算；判断结果是否合理 |
| Formulae | 公式 | Equations grouped by mechanics, materials, waves, electricity, fields, thermal, nuclear, quantum | 按力学、材料、波、电学、场、热学、核物理、量子分组 | Calculations worth 2-4 marks each | 每道 2-4 分的计算题 |
| Relationships | 关系式 | Proportionality statements and derived links between quantities | 比例关系与量之间的推导联系 | Explain and derive questions; graph interpretation | 解释与推导题；图像分析 |
Notice that the booklet gives equations, not meanings. It will tell you that stress equals force over area, but it will not tell you that stress is defined as the force per unit cross-sectional area acting perpendicular to that area. Definitions are still your responsibility, and they are routinely worth marks.
请注意：手册给的是"式子"，不是"含义"。它会告诉你应力等于力除以面积，但不会告诉你应力的定义是"垂直于截面方向、作用在单位横截面积上的力"。定义依然要你背，而定义题在评分标准里是常规给分点。
3. Units, Prefixes and Conversions | 单位、词头与换算
Almost every lost mark in a physics calculation comes from a unit error rather than a physics error. Before you touch the numbers, convert every quantity into SI base or derived units: metres, kilograms, seconds, amperes, kelvin, moles, candela. Millimetres, centimetres, grams, kilometres per hour and electronvolts must all be converted first.
物理计算中丢掉的分数，绝大多数来自单位错误而不是物理理解错误。动笔算数之前，先把所有量统一换算成 SI 基本单位或导出单位：米、千克、秒、安培、开尔文、摩尔、坎德拉。毫米、厘米、克、千米每小时、电子伏特，统统要先换掉。
| Prefix | 词头 | Symbol | 符号 | Factor | 倍数 | Example | 例 |
| tera | T | 10¹² | 1 THz = 10¹² Hz |
| giga | G | 10⁹ | 1 GW = 10⁹ W |
| mega | M | 10⁶ | 1 MJ = 10⁶ J |
| kilo | k | 10³ | 1 km = 10³ m |
| centi | c | 10⁻² | 1 cm = 10⁻² m |
| milli | m | 10⁻³ | 1 mA = 10⁻³ A |
| micro | μ | 10⁻⁶ | 1 μm = 10⁻⁶ m |
| nano | n | 10⁻⁹ | 1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m |
| pico | p | 10⁻¹² | 1 pF = 10⁻¹² F |
| femto | f | 10⁻¹⁵ | 1 fm = 10⁻¹⁵ m |
Area and volume are where most students slip. A square millimetre is 10⁻⁶ m², not 10⁻³ m². A cubic centimetre is 10⁻⁶ m³, not 10⁻² m³. Always square or cube the prefix factor as well as the number.
面积和体积是失分重灾区。1 平方毫米等于 10⁻⁶ m²，不是 10⁻³ m²；1 立方厘米等于 10⁻⁶ m³，不是 10⁻² m³。记住：换算面积时，词头倍率也要平方；换算体积时要立方。
appears in quantum, particle and nuclear questions constantly, and it is given in the data table, but you must know when to apply it.
还有一个必须烂熟于心的换算是能量：1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J。它在量子、粒子与核物理题目中反复出现。数值虽然印在数据表里，但"什么时候该用它"必须由你判断。
4. Fundamental Constants in the Data Table | 数据表中的基本常数
The data section is the part of the booklet you should know by heart anyway, because looking up a constant costs time and time is the scarcest resource in a two-hour paper. The table below reproduces the constants you will meet most often, with their standard values.
数据表这部分其实是你本来就该记住的，因为查阅常数要花时间，而在一份两小时的试卷里，时间才是最稀缺的资源。下表列出你遇到频率最高的常数及其标准值。
| Quantity | 物理量 | Symbol | 符号 | Value | 数值 | Unit | 单位 |
| speed of light in vacuum | c | 3.00 × 10⁸ | style="border
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