📚 Edexcel IAL Chemistry 2018 Data Booklet (Issue 1, March 2019): Contents and Exam Guide | Edexcel IAL 化学 2018 数据手册（2019 年 3 月第 1 版）：内容结构与考试使用指南
The Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Data Booklet, Issue 1, March 2019, is the official reference booklet written for the 2018 International A Level Chemistry specification. It is not a textbook and it is not a revision guide: it contains no explanations, only constants, tables, spectra data and a Periodic Table. Every mark you gain from it depends on how fluently you can locate a value and apply it under timed conditions.
Edexcel IAL 化学数据手册（Data Booklet）2018 版于 2019 年 3 月发布 Issue 1，是为 2018 年国际 A Level 化学考纲配套编写的官方考试数据册。它既不是教材，也不是复习讲义，里面没有讲解，只有常量、数据表、谱图数据和一张元素周期表。你能从它身上拿到多少分，完全取决于你能否在限时考试中快速定位数值并正确套用。
1. What the Booklet Is and Who It Is For | 手册是什么、给谁用
The booklet is issued to candidates sitting the Pearson Edexcel International A Level Chemistry papers WCH11 to WCH16. It is supplied with every written paper and with the practical skills papers, so you never have to memorise constants such as the Avogadro constant before an exam.
这本手册发给报考 Pearson Edexcel 国际 A Level 化学（单元代码 WCH11 至 WCH16）的考生，所有笔试单元和实验技能单元都会随卷提供。因此你完全不需要在考前死记阿伏加德罗常数之类的物理常量，考场上直接从手册里查即可。
It is tied to the 2018 specification, and the "Issue 1, March 2019" label simply records the first published version of that document. Later reprints may renumber pages slightly, so always practise with the copy your centre issues rather than a random download from an unofficial site.
手册与 2018 年考纲配套，"Issue 1, March 2019" 只是标明该文件的首次发布版本。之后的重新印刷可能微调页码，所以平时练习时请使用你所在考点发放的那一版，而不是随便从非官方渠道下载的版本。
Note that this is not the same document as the UK GCE A Level Data Booklet, and it is not the International GCSE Chemistry data sheet either. Values, tables and the order of sections differ between them, so mixing them up in revision is a common and avoidable source of error.
注意：它并不等同于英国本土 GCE A Level 的数据手册，也不是 IGCSE 化学的数据页。三者的数值、表格范围和章节顺序都不一样，复习时混用是非常常见且完全可以避免的失分来源。
2. Structure of the Booklet at a Glance | 手册整体结构一览
The booklet is organised into a small number of clearly separated data sets. Knowing which table answers which type of question is the single most useful revision habit you can build, because it converts a "hunting" task into a "look-up" task in the exam hall.
手册由若干彼此独立的数据区块组成。清楚"哪张表对应哪类题目"，是最有价值的复习习惯，因为它能把考场上的"翻找"变成"直接定位"。
| Section | 内容区块 | What it gives you | 提供什么 | Mainly used in | 主要用于 |
|---|---|---|
| Physical constants | 物理常量 | L, R, c, h, molar gas volume, specific heat capacity | L、R、c、h、气体摩尔体积、比热容 | All units | 全部单元 |
| Periodic Table | 元素周期表 | Relative atomic masses, element symbols, group trends | 相对原子质量、元素符号、族趋势 | WCH11, WCH12, WCH14 | 结构与无机部分 |
| Infrared absorptions | 红外特征吸收 | Wavenumber ranges for common bonds | 常见化学键的波数范围 | WCH14 organic analysis |
| ¹H and ¹³C NMR shifts | 氢谱与碳谱化学位移 | δ values for proton and carbon environments | 质子与碳环境的 δ 值 | WCH14, WCH15 |
| Standard electrode potentials | 标准电极电位 | E° values for half-cells | 各半电池的 E° 值 | WCH15 redox and cells |
| Mean bond enthalpies | 平均键焓 | Bond energy values in kJ mol⁻¹ | 以 kJ mol⁻¹ 计的键能值 | WCH12 energetics |
| Enthalpy of combustion / formation data | 燃烧焓与生成焓数据 | ΔH values for Hess cycles | 用于赫斯定律循环的 ΔH 值 | WCH12, WCH14 |
Treat the table above as a mental index. If you can sketch it from memory on a blank page, you already know where 80 per cent of the booklet's answers live.
把上表当作"心理目录"。如果你能在空白纸上凭记忆画出它，说明你已经掌握手册中约八成答案的所在位置。
3. Physical Constants and Unit Conversion | 物理常量与单位换算
tant L = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹, the gas constant R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, the molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure (24.0 dm³ mol⁻¹) and the specific heat capacity of water (4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹).
常量页篇幅很短，却决定了几乎所有定量答案的准确度。最常用的几个是：阿伏加德罗常数 L = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹、气体常数 R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹、室温常压下的气体摩尔体积 24.0 dm³ mol⁻¹，以及水的比热容 4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹。
Unit conversion, not the constants themselves, is where marks are lost. Volume must be in dm³ for concentration work and in m³ for the ideal gas equation, pressure in Pa in the gas equation but often in kPa in a question stem, and temperature always in K.
真正丢分的地方往往不是常量本身，而是单位换算。浓度计算中体积要用 dm³，理想气体方程中体积要用 m³；题目里压强常以 kPa 给出，代入气体方程前必须换成 Pa；温度则一律要换成 K。
pV = nRT ΔH = −mcΔT T / K = θ / °C + 273
Build the habit of writing the unit next to every number as you substitute it. If the unit line reads consistently, the arithmetic almost always takes care of itself.
养成"代入每个数字时顺手写出单位"的习惯。只要整条式子的单位是自洽的，运算本身几乎不会出错。
4. Using the Periodic Table and Relative Atomic Masses | 使用周期表与相对原子质量
The Periodic Table in the booklet carries relative atomic masses to a precision that is meant to be used as printed. When a question asks for a molar mass, take Ar from the table rather than from memory, then add the values for the formula as written.
手册里的周期表所给出的相对原子质量，就是让你直接照抄使用的精度。题目要求摩尔质量时，请从表中取 Ar，而不是凭记忆，再按化学式的原子个数相加。
Rounding is a separate decision. Keep full precision through the working and round only the final answer, normally to the number of significant figures used in the question data. Rounding Ar to 1 or 2 significant figures at the start can shift a final answer enough to fail a mark scheme.
四舍五入是另一件事。计算过程保持完整精度，只在最终答案处按题目数据的有效数字取整。若一开始就把 Ar 约到 1 位或 2 位有效数字，最终结果可能整体偏移，直接判错。
The table is also useful for group trends: electronegativity, first ionisation energy and atomic radius patterns can be checked quickly when a question asks you to justify a trend down a group or across a period.
周期表对族趋势判断也很有用：当题目要求解释同族向下或同周期向右的趋势时，电负性、第一电离能和原子半径的变化规律都可以在表上快速核对。
5. Infrared Absorption Data | 红外吸收数据表
expected to recognise. Typical entries include a broad O−H stretch in alcohols around 3230–3550 cm⁻¹, a very broad O−H in carboxylic acids around 2500–3300 cm⁻¹, N−H around 3300–3500 cm⁻¹, C−H around 2850–3100 cm⁻¹, C≡N around 2220–2260 cm⁻¹ and C=O around 1680–1750 cm⁻¹.
红外表列出的是考纲要求你识别的化学键特征波数区间。常见条目包括：醇中宽而钝的 O−H 伸缩约 3230–3550 cm⁻¹，羧酸中非常宽的 O−H 约 2500–3300 cm⁻¹，N−H 约 3300–3500 cm⁻¹，C−H 约 2850–3100 cm⁻¹，C≡N 约 2220–2260 cm⁻¹，C=O 约 1680–1750 cm⁻¹。
arboxylic acid; a sharp C=O with no broad O−H points at an aldehyde, a ketone or an ester.
真正给分的两个特征是峰的位置和峰的"形状"。宽 O−H 与尖锐 C=O 同时出现，基本可判定为羧酸；只有尖锐 C=O 而没有宽 O−H，则指向醛、酮或酯。
The region below about 1500 cm⁻¹ is the fingerprint region. You are not expected to interpret it peak by peak; it is used for comparison, for example to show that a product's spectrum matches a known sample.
约 1500 cm⁻¹ 以下是指纹区。考纲并不要求你逐峰解析，它的用途是比对，例如证明产物谱图与已知样品一致。
6. ¹H and ¹³C NMR Chemical Shift Tables | 氢谱与碳谱化学位移表
es δ values for common environments, all relative to TMS at δ = 0. Alkanes appear near 0.7–1.2, protons on a carbon next to a carbonyl near 2.1–2.6, protons on a carbon bonded to oxygen near 3.1–3.9, alkene protons near 4.5–6.0, aromatic protons near 6.5–8.0, aldehydes near 9.3–10.0 and carboxylic acids near 10–12.
氢谱表给出常见化学环境的 δ 值，全部以 TMS（δ = 0）为基准。烷基质子约 0.7–1.2；羰基邻位碳上的质子约 2.1–2.6；与氧相连碳上的质子约 3.1–3.9；烯烃质子约 4.5–6.0；芳环质子约 6.5–8.0；醛基质子约 9.3–10.0；羧酸质子约 10–12。
Reading a proton spectrum needs three separate observations: the number of signals gives the number of proton environments, the integration ratio gives the relative number of protons in each environment, and the splitting pattern gives the number of neighbouring protons, because a signal is split into n + 1 peaks by n equivalent neighbours.
读懂氢谱需要三个独立观察：信号个数对应质子环境数；积分比对应各环境的相对氢原子数；裂分峰形对应邻位氢数，因为一个信号会被 n 个等性邻氢裂分为 n + 1 个峰。
The carbon-13 table is simpler: alkanes near 0–50, C−O carbons near 50–70, alkene and aromatic carbons near 110–160, carboxyl and ester carbons near 160–185, and aldehyde or ketone carbonyls near 190–220. Because ¹³C is naturally abundant only about 1 per cent, you see one signal per non-equivalent carbon and no splitting.
碳谱表更简单：烷基碳约 0–50；与氧相连的碳约 50–70；烯烃与芳环碳约 110–160；羧基与酯基碳约 160–185；醛、酮羰基约 190–220。由于 ¹³C 天然丰度仅约 1%，你看到的每个不等价碳只出一个信号，且不发生裂分。
from a proton spectrum, which is the standard way to prove that a broad signal near δ = 10–12 really belongs to a carboxylic acid and not to an aldehyde.
用 D₂O 交换可以消除氢谱中的 O−H 信号，这是证明 δ = 10–12 附近的宽信号确实属于羧酸而非醛基的标准手段。
7. Standard Electrode Potentials | 标准电极电位表
The electrode potential table lists E° values for half-cells under standard conditions: 298 K, all
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