📚 Guide to Welfare and Policies for International Students in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand | 英国、澳大利亚、新西兰留学生福利与政策指南
Studying abroad in the United Kingdom, Australia, or New Zealand opens doors to world-class education and vibrant cultural experiences. However, to make the most of this journey, it is essential to understand the welfare, support systems, and legal policies that protect international students. This guide outlines key benefits and regulations in these three popular destinations, covering visas, healthcare, work rights, financial aid, and more.
在英国、澳大利亚或新西兰留学，不仅能接触到世界一流的教育，还能体验充满活力的多元文化。但是，要想充分利用这段旅程，了解保护国际学生的福利、支持体系和法律法规至关重要。本指南概述了这三个热门留学目的地的关键福利与政策，涵盖签证、医疗保健、工作权利、经济资助等方方面面。
1. Student Visas and Immigration Requirements | 学生签证与入境要求
To study in the UK, Australia, or New Zealand, you must hold a valid student visa that matches your course level and duration. These visas come with specific conditions regarding work, finances, and dependants.
要在英国、澳大利亚或新西兰学习，您必须持有符合课程级别和时长要求的有效学生签证。这些签证附带关于工作、资金和家属的具体条件。
United Kingdom: The Student Route visa (formerly Tier 4) requires a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) from a licenced sponsor. You must demonstrate proficiency in English and prove you have enough money to cover tuition and living costs (e.g., £1,334 per month in London). The application fee from outside the UK is £490, and you will also pay the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS).
英国：学生路线签证（原第四层级）需要由具有担保资质的院校签发的录取确认函(CAS)。您必须证明英语水平并显示有足够资金支付学费及生活费（例如伦敦地区每月1,334英镑）。从英国境外申请的费用为490英镑，此外还需缴纳移民健康附加费(IHS)。
Australia: The Student visa (subclass 500) requires a Confirmation of Enrolment (CoE), Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC), and evidence of financial capacity (from AU$24,505 per year for living costs). You must meet the Genuine Temporary Entrant (GTE) requirement and may need to provide English test scores.
澳大利亚：学生签证（500子类）需要注册确认函(CoE)、海外学生健康保险(OSHC)和资金能力证明（生活费每年至少24,505澳元）。您必须满足真实临时入境者(GTE)要求，并可能需要提供英语测试成绩。
New Zealand: The Fee-Paying Student Visa requires an offer of place from an approved education provider, evidence of funds (NZ$20,000 per year for living expenses), medical and travel insurance, and a confirmation that you meet health and character requirements. English language evidence may be required depending on the institution.
新西兰：付费学生签证需要来自经批准教育机构的录取通知书、资金证明（生活费每年20,000新西兰元）、医疗和旅行保险，以及满足健康和品行要求的确认。部分院校可能要求提供英语能力证明。
2. Part-Time Work Regulations While Studying | 在读期间兼职工作规定
Balancing work and study is a common way for international students to supplement their income. All three countries allow part-time employment but enforce limits to ensure academic progress remains the priority.
兼顾工作与学习是国际学生补贴收入的常见方式。所有三个国家都允许兼职工作，但均会强制执行工时限制，以确保学业始终是首要任务。
United Kingdom: Students on a degree-level course can work up to 20 hours per week during term-time, and full-time during holidays. Those on courses below degree level are restricted to 10 hours per week. Work placements that are an integral part of the course may have separate arrangements.
英国：攻读学位课程的学生在学期期间每周最多可工作20小时，假期可全职工作。学习低于学位水平课程的学生则被限制在每周10小时。作为课程必要组成部分的工作实习可能另有安排。
Australia: Student visa (subclass 500) holders can work up to 48 hours per fortnight while their course is in session, and unlimited hours during scheduled breaks. This cap was reintroduced on 1 July 2023. Research master's and doctoral students have no work restrictions.
澳大利亚：学生签证（500子类）持有人在课程进行期间每两周最多可工作48小时，在假期间无工时限制。这一限制于2023年7月1日重新实施。研究型硕士生和博士生没有工作限制。
New Zealand: During term time, student visa holders may work up to 20 hours per week, and full-time over scheduled holidays. PhD and research-based master's students can work full-time throughout the year.
新西兰：学期期间，学生签证持有人每周可工作最多20小时，并在假期全职工作。博士生和研究型硕士生可全年全职工作。
3. Post-Study Work Opportunities | 毕业后工作机会
Graduate work visas allow you to remain in the country after completing your studies to gain professional experience. These pathways are a major attraction for international students planning their long-term careers.
毕业生工作签证允许您在完成学业后留在所在国积累专业经验。这些途径对于规划长期职业发展的国际学生来说具有巨大吸引力。
United Kingdom – Graduate Route: Bachelor's and master's graduates can stay and work for 2 years, while PhD graduates receive 3 years. You must have completed an eligible course at a UK higher education provider. There is no job offer or minimum salary requirement, and you can switch to a Skilled Worker visa later.
英国 – 毕业生路线：本科和硕士毕业生可留英工作2年，博士毕业生可留3年。您必须在英国高等教育机构完成符合条件的课程。无需工作录用函或最低薪资要求，且之后可转为技术工签。
Australia – Temporary Graduate visa (subclass 485): Post-study work stream offers 2 years for bachelor's and taught master's, 3 years for research master's, and 4 years for PhD. Graduates from regional institutions may be eligible for an additional 1–2 years. A skills assessment is not required in this stream.
澳大利亚 – 临时毕业生签证（485子类）：学习后工作类别为学士和授课型硕士提供2年、研究型硕士3年、博士4年签证。在偏远地区院校毕业的学生可能额外获得1至2年。该类别无需技能评估。
New Zealand – Post-Study Work Visa: Duration depends on the qualification level. Those who complete a Level 7 Bachelor's degree or higher can obtain a 3-year open work visa. Graduates of Level 4–6 diplomas may receive a 1- or 2-year visa if the qualification is on a skill shortage list. Doctoral candidates may apply for the visa after submission of thesis.
新西兰 – 毕业后工作签证：有效期取决于学历级别。完成7级学士学位或更高学历者可获得3年开放式工签。获得4至6级文凭的毕业生，若该学历在技能短缺清单上，可获得1年或2年签证。博士候选人在提交论文后即可申请该签证。
4. Healthcare Access and Medical Insurance | 医疗保障与保险
Healthcare policies for international students differ markedly across the three destinations. Knowing what is covered and what you must pay for helps you avoid unexpected medical bills.
针对国际学生的医疗政策在三个目的国差异显著。了解承保范围及自身需承担的费用，有助于避免意外的医疗账单。
United Kingdom – NHS via IHS: As part of the visa application, you pay an Immigration Health Surcharge of £776 per year. This grants you access to the National Health Service on a similar basis to a UK resident, including GP appointments, hospital care, and emergency services. Prescription charges in England apply, but many services are free.
英国 – 通过 IHS 获得 NHS：作为签证申请的一部分，您需按每年776英镑缴纳移民健康附加费。这使您可以像英国居民一样使用国民医疗服务(NHS)，包括全科医生预约、住院护理和急救服务。英格兰地区需支付处方费用，但许多服务是免费的。
Australia – OSHC: All student visa holders must maintain Overseas Student Health Cover for the full duration of their stay. OSHC helps cover doctor visits, hospital treatment, and limited pharmaceuticals. You typically purchase OSHC through your institution or an approved insurer, and costs start from about AU$500 per year.
澳大利亚 – OSHC：所有学生签证持有人必须在整个停留期间保持海外学生健康保险。OSHC有助于承保看病、住院治疗和部分药品。通常通过学校或经批准的保险公司购买，每年费用约500澳元起。
New Zealand – Private Insurance Required: International students are generally not eligible for free public healthcare and must have medical and travel insurance for the length of their visa. Most institutions require proof of insurance before enrolment. The insurance must cover hospitalisation, repatriation, and emergency dental care.
新西兰 – 必须购买私人保险：国际学生通常没有资格享受免费公共医疗，必须购买覆盖签证全程的医疗与旅行保险。多数院校在注册前就要求提供保险证明。保险须涵盖住院、遣返和紧急牙科治疗。
5. Scholarships and Financial Aid | 奖学金与经济资助
All three countries offer a wide range of scholarships to help ease the financial burden for international students. These awards are based on merit, research potential, or development goals.
这三个国家都提供多种奖学金，以减轻国际学生的经济负担。这些奖项基于学术成绩、研究潜力或发展目标颁发。
United Kingdom: The Chevening Scholarships fund one-year master's degrees for outstanding students from around the world. Commonwealth Scholarships target developing Commonwealth nations. Additionally, the GREAT Scholarships offer at least £10,000 each and many universities provide their own international merit awards.
英国：志奋领奖学金为全球杰出学生的一年制硕士课程提供资助。英联邦奖学金面向发展中的英联邦国家。此外，非凡英国奖学金每项至少10,000英镑，众多大学也设有自己的国际优秀奖学金。
Australia: The Australia Awards Scholarships are long-term development awards aimed at students from specific partner countries. Destination Australia provides funding for domestic and international students in regional areas. Most Australian universities also offer Vice-Chancellor's International Scholarships up to 50% tuition reduction.
澳大利亚：澳大利亚奖学金是针对特定伙伴国家的长期发展奖学金。澳大利亚目的地计划为偏远地区的本地和国际学生提供资助。大多数澳大利亚大学还提供副校长国际奖学金，最高可减免50%的学费。
New Zealand: The New Zealand International Scholarships support students from selected developing countries to study diploma, degree, and PhD programmes. Universities often provide doctoral scholarships covering tuition and a stipend, while Education New Zealand runs specialist awards for exceptional students.
新西兰：新西兰国际奖学金支持来自选定的发展中国家的学生攻读文凭、学位和博士课程。大学通常提供包含学费和生活津贴的博士奖学金，而新西兰教育国际推广局则为杰出学生设立了专项奖学金。
6. Accommodation and Living Costs Support | 住宿与生活成本支持
Finding safe and affordable accommodation is a top concern. Universities in each country provide housing services, and there are additional support schemes to help manage living expenses.
寻找安全且负担得起的住宿是头等大事。三国的大学均提供住宿服务，并且有额外的支持计划来帮助管理生活开支。
United Kingdom: Most universities guarantee first-year accommodation for international students who apply by the deadline. Options range from catered halls of residence to self-catered flats. Some institutions offer emergency bursaries and hardship funds for students facing unexpected financial pressure.
英国：大多数大学为在截止日期前申请的国际新生保证提供住宿。选择包括包餐宿舍和自助式公寓。一些院校还为面临突发经济压力的学生提供紧急助学金和困难基金。
Australia: Universities have dedicated accommodation services that help with on-campus colleges, homestay, and private rentals. International students may be eligible for emergency grants or food vouchers from student unions. Rent assistance from the government is generally not available for student visa holders.
澳大利亚：大学设有专门的住宿服务，帮助学生选择校内住宿、寄宿和私人租赁。国际学生可能有资格从学生会获得紧急补助或食品券。政府租房补助通常不适用于学生签证持有人。
New Zealand: On-campus halls and homestays are popular. The Education (Pastoral Care of Tertiary and International Learners) Code of Practice requires institutions to provide comprehensive support, including assistance with finding safe housing. Some cities have student discount rent schemes and budgeting advice through community organisations.
新西兰：校内宿舍和寄宿家庭很普遍。教育（高等教育和国际学生关怀）守则要求院校提供全面支持，包括协助寻找安全住房。一些城市通过社区组织提供学生租房折扣计划和预算咨询。
7. Mental Health and Wellbeing Services | 心理健康与福利服务
Adjusting to a new academic and cultural environment can be challenging. Universities across the UK, Australia, and New Zealand have invested heavily in psychological support for international students.
适应新的学术和文化环境可能具有挑战性。英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的高校已大力投资于针对国际学生的心理支持服务。
United Kingdom: Every higher education provider has a wellbeing or counselling service offering free and confidential sessions. Many also run peer support programmes, 24/7 helplines, and multilingual mental health resources. The 'Student Space' platform provides online support funded by the government.
英国：每所高等教育院校都设有健康或咨询服务中心，提供免费且保密的会谈。许多学校还开展同伴互助计划、24小时求助热线和多语种心理健康资源。由政府资助的 "Student Space" 平台提供线上支持。
Australia: On-campus counselling is free and widely available. Mental health services often include workshops on stress management and cultural adjustment. The government-funded 'Head to Health' portal and Lifeline offer additional support, and institutions must comply with the ESOS framework which emphasises student wellbeing.
澳大利亚：校内咨询是免费且广泛提供的。心理健康服务通常包括压力管理和文化适应工作坊。由政府资助的 "Head to Health" 门户网站和生命热线提供额外支持，院校还必须遵守强调学生福祉的ESOS框架。
New Zealand: The Code of Pastoral Care mandates that providers promote a supportive and safe environment. Most universities have Māori and Pasifika health teams as well as general counselling. International student offices often organise orientation and social events to reduce isolation and connect students with local communities.
新西兰：关怀守则规定教育机构必须营造支持性和安全的环境。大多数大学都设有面向大众的咨询中心以及针对毛利和太平洋岛民学生的健康团队。国际学生办公室通常会组织迎新和社交活动，以减少孤独感，并将学生与当地社区联系起来。
8. Rights, Protections and Complaint Procedures | 权利、保护与投诉程序
International students have legal rights protected by consumer law and specialised education frameworks. Knowing how to raise a complaint is an important part of safeguarding your welfare.
国际学生享有受消费者法和专门教育框架保护的法律权利。了解如何投诉对于保障自身福利至关重要。
United Kingdom: Universities must be registered with the Office for Students (OfS). If an internal complaint is unresolved, you can escalate it to the Office of the Independent Adjudicator (OIA) for free. The UK Human Rights Act and Equalities Act protect against discrimination.
英国：大学必须在学生事务办公室(OfS)注册。如果内部投诉未解决，您可以免费向独立裁决官办公室(OIA)递申诉。英国的《人权法案》和《平等法案》保护您免受歧视。
Australia: The ESOS Act and the National Code provide strong protections for international students. The Commonwealth Ombudsman's Overseas Students Service handles complaints about private providers, while state ombudsmen cover public institutions. Tuition protection arrangements are in place if a provider closes.
澳大利亚：《海外学生教育服务法案》和《国家准则》为国际学生提供了强有力的保护。联邦监察员的海外学生服务负责处理针对私立机构的投诉，各州监察员则覆盖公立院校。若教育机构关闭，学费保护安排即会启动。
New Zealand: The International Student Contract Dispute Resolution Scheme (DRS) is a free, independent process for settling financial and contractual disputes. The New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) can also investigate breaches of the Code of Practice. Students have the right to safe and respectful treatment under the law.
新西兰：国际学生合同纠纷解决机制(DRS)是免费且独立的程序，用于解决财务和合同纠纷。新西兰学历认证局(NZQA)也可调查违反《关怀守则》的行为。根据法律，学生有权获得安全和受尊重的对待。
9. Family, Partners and Children's Policies | 家属、伴侣与子女政策
For those who want to bring their family, the rules regarding dependants and schooling vary significantly. Understanding the latest regulations helps you plan family life alongside your studies.
对于希望携家属同行的人来说，有关随行人员和子女入学的政策差异较大。了解最新规定有助于在学习之余规划好家庭生活。
United Kingdom: From January 2024, only students on PhD or other doctoral qualifications, or research-based higher degrees, can bring dependants (partner and children). The partner can usually work without restrictions. Schooling for children is available through the state system if you are a dependant on a valid visa, but check the right to state-funded education carefully.
英国：从2024年1月起，只有攻读博士学位或其他研究型高等学位的学生才能携带家属（伴侣和子女）。伴侣通常可以不受限制地工作。如果家属持有有效签证，子女可通过公立系统上学，但需仔细核实获得政府资助教育的权利。
Australia: You can include your spouse or de facto partner and dependent children in your student visa application. The secondary applicant can work up to 48 hours per fortnight, unless the primary student is studying a master's or doctoral degree, in which case full-time work is allowed. School-aged children will need to enrol in schools and may be charged international fees in some states.
澳大利亚：您可以在学生签证申请中纳入配偶或事实伴侣及受抚养子女。副申请人每两周可工作最多48小时，除非主申请人攻读硕士或博士学位，此时配偶可全职工作。学龄子女需要入学，且某些州可能会收取国际学生学费。
New Zealand: Partners of students studying Level 7 or 8 qualifications on the Long Term Skill Shortage List, or Level 9 and 10 postgraduates, can apply for an open work visa. Dependent children may attend school as domestic students, meaning no tuition fees, if the parent is studying a Level 9 or 10 qualification or the child's education is funded as part of a scholarship.
新西兰：如果学生攻读长期技能短缺清单上的7级或8级学历，或9级、10级研究生课程，其伴侣可申请开放式工签。受抚养子女可作为本地生入学（即免学费），条件是父母正在攻读9级或10级学历，或子女的教育费用包含在奖学金内。
10. Taxation, Social Security and Financial Management | 税务、社会保障与财务管理
Even as a student, you may need to interact with the
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