📚 AP Psychology: 200 Must-Know Terms Explained | AP心理学：200个必考词汇详解
Welcome to the ultimate AP Psychology vocabulary guide. Mastering terminology is the key to success on the exam, as every multiple-choice and free-response question builds on foundational concepts. This article organizes 200 high-yield terms into 11 thematic sections, each explained with clear definitions in both English and Chinese for quick reference and deep learning. Use this list to reinforce your understanding and boost your confidence.
欢迎来到AP心理学终极词汇指南。掌握术语是考试成功的关键，因为每一道选择题和自由回答题都建立在基础概念之上。本文按照11个主题板块整理了200个高频必考词汇，每个词都配有英文和中文释义，便于快速查阅和深入学习。利用这份清单来巩固理解、增强信心。
1. History and Approaches | 历史与流派
Understanding psychology’s roots and major perspectives helps you frame every other topic. These terms cover the founding schools and contemporary approaches that appear frequently on the AP exam.
理解心理学的起源和主要流派有助于构建其他所有知识点的框架。这些术语涵盖了AP考试中高频出现的奠基性学派和当代研究方法。
| Term | Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Structuralism | Early school using introspection to explore the structure of the mind | 结构主义 |
| Functionalism | School focusing on how mental processes help organisms adapt and survive | 功能主义 |
| Behaviorism | View that psychology should study observable behavior only | 行为主义 |
| Psychoanalysis | Theory emphasizing unconscious motives and childhood experiences | 精神分析 |
| Humanistic psychology | Perspective stressing human potential and self-actualization | 人本主义心理学 |
| Cognitive perspective | Focus on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem solving | 认知视角 |
| Biological perspective | Approach linking behavior to brain, genetics, and hormones | 生物学视角 |
| Evolutionary perspective | Explanation of behavior in terms of natural selection and adaptation | 进化视角 |
| Sociocultural perspective | Study of how social and cultural environments influence behavior | 社会文化视角 |
| Biopsychosocial approach | Integrated model incorporating biological, psychological, and social factors | 生物-心理-社会模型 |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founder of the first psychology laboratory and structuralism | 威廉·冯特 |
| William James | Author of Principles of Psychology and key figure in functionalism | 威廉·詹姆斯 |
| Sigmund Freud | Creator of psychoanalysis, focused on the unconscious mind | 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 |
| John B. Watson | Founder of behaviorism; famous for the Little Albert experiment | 约翰·华生 |
| B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning | B.F.斯金纳 |
2. Research Methods | 研究方法
Research methodology is the backbone of psychology. These terms define how psychologists design studies, gather data, and draw conclusions. You will encounter them in multiple-choice questions about experimental design and statistics.
研究方法是心理学的支柱。这些术语定义了心理学家如何设计研究、收集数据并得出结论。你会在实验设计和统计相关的选择题中遇到它们。
| Term | Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction about the relationship between variables | 假设 |
| Independent variable (IV) | The factor manipulated by the researcher | 自变量 |
| Dependent variable (DV) | The variable measured to assess the effect of the IV | 因变量 |
| Confounding variable | An uncontrolled factor that may influence the results | 混淆变量 |
| Control group | Group not exposed to the treatment, used for comparison | 控制组 |
| Experimental group | Group receiving the independent variable manipulation | 实验组 |
| Random assignment | Placing participants into groups by chance to reduce bias | 随机分配 |
| Operational definition | A clear statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated | 操作性定义 |
| Validity | The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure | 效度 |
| Reliability | Consistency of measurement over time | 信度 |
| Correlation | A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables | 相关 |
| Positive correlation | Both variables increase or decrease together | 正相关 |
| Negative correlation | One variable increases while the other decreases | 负相关 |
| Mean | Arithmetic average of a set of numbers | 平均数 |
| Median | Middle score in a distribution | 中位数 |
| Mode | Most frequently occurring score | 众数 |
| Standard deviation | A measure of how spread out scores are from the mean | 标准差 |
| Statistical significance | Likelihood that results are not due to chance (p < 0.05) | 统计显著性 |
| Informed consent | Ethical requirement that participants understand and agree to the study | 知情同意 |
| Debriefing | Post-experiment explanation of the purpose and procedures | 事后说明 |
3. Biological Bases of Behavior | 行为的生物学基础
This section connects behavior to the nervous system, neurons, and brain structures. A solid grasp of these terms is essential for questions on neurotransmitters, brain regions, and endocrine function.
这一部分将行为与神经系统、神经元和大脑结构联系起来。扎实掌握这些术语对于回答有关神经递质、脑区和内分泌功能的题目至关重要。
| Term | Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| Neuron | A nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system | 神经元 |
| Dendrite | Branch-like structure that receives messages from other neurons | 树突 |
| Axon | Long fiber that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body | 轴突 |
| Myelin sheath | Fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds up neural impulses | 髓鞘 |
| Action potential | A brief electrical charge traveling down an axon | 动作电位 |
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