📚 SAT2 Physics: Exam Analysis, Formula Review, and Vocabulary Summary | SAT2 物理：考点分析、公式梳理与词汇汇总
The SAT Subject Test in Physics assesses your understanding of fundamental physics concepts typically covered in a college-preparatory high school course. This article provides a comprehensive breakdown of the exam content, a systematic review of essential formulas, and a targeted bilingual vocabulary list to help you master the material efficiently.
SAT2 物理考试旨在评估你对大学预备高中物理课程核心概念的理解。本文将全面拆解考试内容，系统梳理必背公式，并提供针对性中英词汇对照，帮助你高效掌握考点。
1. SAT2 Physics Test Overview | SAT2 物理考试概览
The test consists of 75 multiple-choice questions to be completed in 60 minutes, with scores ranging from 200 to 800. Calculators are not permitted. The official topics distribution is: Mechanics (36–40%), Electricity & Magnetism (18–24%), Waves & Optics (15–19%), Thermodynamics (6–11%), Modern Physics (6–11%), and Miscellaneous (4–8%) including measurement and data analysis.
考试包含 75 道选择题，限时 60 分钟，分数范围 200–800 分。不允许使用计算器。官方考点分布为：力学 36–40%，电磁学 18–24%，波与光学 15–19%，热力学 6–11%，现代物理 6–11%，以及包括测量与数据分析在内的其他内容 4–8%。
There is no formula sheet provided, so memorizing key equations is essential. Questions often combine concepts from different areas, emphasising graphical analysis, proportional reasoning, and experimental design.
考试不提供公式表，熟记关键公式至关重要。题目常融合不同板块的概念，着重考查图像分析、比例推理和实验设计能力。
2. Mechanics: Kinematics & Dynamics | 力学：运动学与动力学
Kinematics describes motion in terms of displacement (Δx), velocity (v), and acceleration (a) without regard to forces. For constant acceleration, the following equations apply:
运动学用位移 (Δx)、速度 (v) 和加速度 (a) 描述运动，而不涉及力。对于匀加速运动，可使用以下方程：
v = v₀ + at
Δx = v₀t + ½at²
v² = v₀² + 2aΔx
Dynamics introduces Newton' aw quantifies this as F = ma. The third law emphasises equal and opposite reaction forces.
动力学引入牛顿三大定律。第一定律指出物体在无净外力作用下保持静止或匀速直线运动。第二定律定量表述为 F = ma。第三定律强调作用力与反作用力大小相等、方向相反。
Friction is divided into static friction (fs ≤ μ_sN) and kinetic friction (fk oblems require resolving weight into components parallel and perpendicular to the surface.
摩擦力分为静摩擦力 (fs ≤ μ_sN) 和动摩擦力 (fk = μ_kN)。斜面问题需将重力分解为平行和垂直于表面的分量。
3. Energy, Work, and Momentum | 能量、功与动量
oing work: P = W/t = Fv cosθ. Kinetic energy K = ½mv² and gravitational potential energy Ug = mgh. The work-energy theorem states that net work equals change in kinetic energy.
功定义为 W = Fd cosθ，θ 为力与位移的夹角。功率是做功的速率：P = W/t = Fv cosθ。动能 K = ½mv²，重力势能 Ug = mgh。功能关系指出合外力做的功等于动能的变化量。
Conservative forces (gravity, spring force) store potential energy. Spring potential energy is Us ring constant. Mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved when only conservative forces act.
保守力（重力、弹簧力）存储势能。弹性势能为 Us = ½kx²，k 为劲度系数。当仅有保守力做功时，机械能 E = K + U 守恒。
momentum is conserved. Collisions can be elastic (kinetic energy conserved) or inelastic (objects stick together, kinetic energy not conserved).
动量 p = mv 是矢量。冲量 J = FΔt = Δp。孤立系统总动量守恒。碰撞分为弹性碰撞（动能守恒）和非弹性碰撞（物体黏在一起，动能不守恒）。
4. Circular Motion and Gravitation | 圆周运动与万有引力
Uniform circular motion has a constant speed but a changing velocity due to the centripetal acceleration directed toward the centre: ac = v²/r = ω²r. The centripetal force is Fc = mv²/r, provided by tension, gravity, friction, or normal force.
匀速圆周运动速率不变，但因向心加速度方向时刻指向圆心而速度方向变化：ac = v²/r = ω²r。向心力由张力、重力、摩擦力或支持力提供，大小为 Fc = mv²/r。
Newton's law of universal gravitation states Fg = Gm₁m₂/r². The gravitational acceleration at a planet's surface is g = GM/R². Kepler's laws describe planetary motion: equal areas in equal times, and T² ∝ a³ for orbits.
牛顿万有引力定律为 Fg = Gm₁m₂/r²。行星表面的重力加速度 g = GM/R²。开普勒定律描述了行星运动：面积速度恒定，周期平方与半长轴立方成正比 T² ∝ a³。
5. Electricity and Magnetism | 电与磁
Coulomb' charges. Electric potential V = kq/r, and potential energy of two charges is U = kq₁q₂/r.
库仑定律描述点电荷间静电力：F = kq₁q₂/r²。电场 E = F/q 方向由正电荷指向外。电势 V = kq/r，两电荷系统电势能 U = kq₁q₂/r。
rallel plates C = ε₀A/d. The energy stored in a capacitor is U = ½CV². In DC circuits, Ohm's law V = IR and resistance R = ρL/A apply. Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules govern multi-loop circuits.
电容 C = Q/V，平行板电容器 C = ε₀A/d。电容器储存的能量 U = ½CV²。直流电路中，欧姆定律 V = IR，电阻 R = ρL/A。基尔霍夫节点电流和回路电压法则适用于复杂电路。
ection. Electromagnetic induction links changing magnetic flux to induced emf: ε = −ΔΦ/Δt.
运动电荷在磁场中受力 F = qvB sinθ，载流导线受力 F = ILB sinθ。使用右手定则判断方向。电磁感应将变化的磁通量与感应电动势关联：ε = −ΔΦ/Δt。
6. Waves and Optics | 波与光学
longitudinal waves (sound) oscillate parallel. Key relations: v = fλ, and period T = 1/f.
波传递能量而不转移介质。横波（光、琴弦）振动方向垂直于传播方向；纵波（声波）振动方向平行。关键关系式：v = fλ，周期 T = 1/f。
esonance occurs when driving frequency matches natural frequency. The Doppler effect causes frequency shift due to relative motion.
叠加原理产生相长和相消干涉。两端固定的弦上驻波波节在端点：λ_n = 2L/n。驱动频率等于固有频率时发生共振。多普勒效应因相对运动产生频率偏移。
Optics: reflection obeys θ_i = θ_r; refraction follows Snell' h sinθ_c = n₂/n₁. Lenses and mirrors form images based on the thin-lens equation 1/f = 1/do + 1/di and magnification m = −di/do.
光学：反射遵循 θ_i = θ_r；折射遵循斯涅尔定律 n₁ sinθ₁ = n₂ sinθ₂。当 θ₁ > θ_c 且 sinθ_c = n₂/n₁ 时发生全内反射。透镜和面镜成像由薄透镜公式 1/f = 1/do + 1/di 和放大率 m = −di/do 描述。
7. Thermodynamics | 热力学
mcΔT, where c is specific heat capacity. During phase changes, Q = mL (L is latent heat).
温度衡量粒子平均动能。传递给物质的热量 Q 使其升温：Q = mcΔT，c 为比热容。相变过程中吸热 Q = mL（L 为潜热）。
where W is work done by the system. In adiabatic processes Q = 0, isothermal means ΔT = 0.
理想气体方程为 PV = nRT，R = 8.31 J/(mol·K)。热力学第一定律为 ΔU = Q − W，W 为系统对外作功。绝热过程 Q = 0，等温过程 ΔT = 0。
total entropy of an isolated system never decreases. Heat engines have efficiency e = W/Qh = 1 − Qc/Qh. The Carnot efficiency sets the theoretical maximum.
熵度量无序度。热力学第二定律指出孤立系统的总熵永不减少。热机效率 e = W/Qh = 1 − Qc/Qh。卡诺效率给出理论最大值。
8. Modern Physics | 现代物理
², where m is relativistic mass. Kinetic energy at relativistic speeds differs from classical ½mv².
狭义相对论指出接近光速 c 运动的物体出现时间膨胀和长度收缩。质能等价方程为 E = mc²，其中 m 为相对论质量。相对论性动能不同于经典 ½mv²。
p = h/λ. The photoelectric effect gives the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons: Kmax = hf − Φ, where Φ is the work function. De Broglie wavelength λ = h/p shows matter waves.
量子物理：光子能量 E = hf，动量 p = h/λ。光电效应中逸出电子最大动能 Kmax = hf − Φ，Φ 为逸出功。德布罗意波长 λ = h/p 显示了物质波。
Atomic structure: the Bohr model quantises angular momentum and yields energy levels En s transition between levels, emitting or absorbing photons of energy exactly equal to the level difference.
原子结构：玻尔模型将角动量量子化，氢原子能级为 En = −13.6/n² eV。电子在能级间跃迁，辐射或吸收光子能量严格等于能级差。
fe t_½ = ln2/λ. Nuclear fission and fusion release binding energy per nucleon differences.
核物理：原子由强核力束缚的质子和中子组成。放射性衰变遵循 N = N₀e⁻λt，半衰期 t_½ = ln2/λ。核裂变与核聚变释放比结合能差。
9. Key Formulas Summary | 重点公式汇总
The following table organises the most frequently tested equations in SAT2 Physics. Memorising both the formula structure and the meaning of each symbol is crucial.
下表整理了 SAT2 物理最高频的公式。熟记公式结构及各符号含义至关重要。
| Concept (EN) | Formula | 中文说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Newton's Second Law | F = ma | 牛顿第二定律 |
| Kinetic Energy | K = ½mv² | 动能 |
| Gravitational Potential Energy | Ug = mgh | 重力势能（近地面） |
| Work (constant force) | W = Fd cosθ | 恒力做功 |
| Momentum | p = mv | 动量 |
| Centripetal Force | Fc = mv²/r | 向心力 |
| Universal Gravitation | Fg = Gm₁m₂/r² | 万有引力 |
| Coulomb's Law | F = kq₁q₂/r² | 库仑定律 |
| Ohm's Law | V = IR | 欧姆定律 |
| Resistance of a Wire | R = ρL/A | 导线电阻 |
| Magnetic Force (moving charge) | F = qvB sinθ | 运动电荷磁场力 |
| Wave Speed | v = fλ | 波速 |
| Heat Transfer (temperature change) | Q = mcΔT | 热量传递（无相变） |
| Ideal Gas Law | PV = nRT | 理想气体状态方程 |
| Photon Energy | E = hf | 光子能量 |
| Mass-Energy Equivalence | E = mc² | 质能等价 |
10. Essential Vocabulary | 核心词汇汇总
Mastering physics terminology in English is a major part of SAT2 Physics success. The following table lists high-frequency terms with their Chinese equivalents.
掌握英文物理术语是 SAT2 物理成功的关键之一。下表列出高频术语及其中文对应。
| English Term | 中文翻译 |
|---|---|
| acceleration | 加速度 |
| amplitude | 振幅 |
| capacitance | 电容 |
| centripetal | 向心的 |
| displacement | 位移 |
| diffraction | 衍射 |
| elastic collision | 弹性碰撞 |
| electric field | 电场 |
| electromagnetic induction | 电磁感应 |
| entropy | 熵 |
| frequency | 频率 |
| half-life | 半衰期 |
| impulse | 冲量 |
| kinetic energy | 动能 |
| latent heat | 潜热 |
| magnetic flux | 磁通量 |
| momentum | 动量 |
| photoelectric effect | 光电效应 |
| potential energy | 势能 |
| refraction | 折射 |
| specific heat capacity | 比热容 |
| superposition | 叠加 |
| terminal velocity | 终端速度 |
| wavelength | 波长 |
| work function | 逸出功 |
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