📚 AP Psychology High-Frequency Vocabulary Compilation | AP心理学高频词汇汇总
Mastering the high-frequency vocabulary is essential for success in AP Psychology. This compilation covers key terms across all major content areas, providing concise definitions to strengthen your understanding and exam performance.
掌握高频词汇对于AP心理学取得好成绩至关重要。本汇总涵盖各大核心领域的重点术语，提供简洁的定义，帮助你巩固理解和提升考试成绩。
1. Research Methods & Statistics | 研究方法与统计
Hypothesis – A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
假设——关于两个或多个变量之间关系的具体、可检验的预测。
Independent Variable (IV) – The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to examine its effect on the dependent variable.
自变量（IV）——在实验中被操控以检验其对因变量影响的变量。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable that is measured in an experiment; it is expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variable.
因变量（DV）——在实验中测量的变量；预期会随自变量的操控而发生变化。
Confounding Variable – An extraneous variable that varies systematically with the independent variable and can affect the dependent variable, threatening internal validity.
混淆变量——一种与自变量系统性地共变的外来变量，会影响因变量，从而威胁内部效度。
Random Assignment – Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between groups.
随机分配——通过随机方式将参与者分配到实验组和对照组，最大限度地减少组间原有的差异。
Operational Definition – A precise description of how variables are measured or manipulated in a study.
操作性定义——对研究中变量如何被测量或操控的精确描述。
Reliability – The consistency of a measure; the ability to produce similar results under consistent conditions.
信度——测量结果的一致性；在相同条件下能产生相似结果的能力。
Validity – The extent to which a test or experiment measures what it claims to measure.
效度——一项测试或实验在多大程度上测量了其声称要测量的内容。
Correlation Coefficient – A statistical index (denoted as r) ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two variables.
相关系数——一个统计指标（用 r 表示），范围从 -1.00 到 +1.00，表明两个变量之间线性关系的方向和强度。
Statistical Significance – A determination that the results of a study are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, typically assessed using a p-value (e.g., p < .05).
统计显著性——判断研究结果不太可能仅因偶然因素产生，通常用p值（如 p < .05）来评估。
Mean – The arithmetic average of a set of scores, calculated by dividing the sum of all scores by the number of scores.
平均数——一组分数的算术平均值，用所有分数之和除以分数的数量得出。
Median – The middle score in a distribution when scores are arranged in ascending or descending order.
中位数——将一组分数按从小到大或从大到小排列后，位于中间的数值。
Mode – The most frequently occurring score in a distribution.
众数——数据分布中出现频率最高的数值。
Standard Deviation – A measure of how much individual scores in a dataset vary or spread out around the mean.
标准差——衡量数据集中各个分数围绕平均值的离散程度或变异大小的指标。
2. Biological Bases of Behavior | 行为的生物学基础
Neuron – A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system, specialized for communication via electrical and chemical signals.
神经元——神经细胞；神经系统的基本构建单位，专门通过电信号和化学信号进行信息交流。
Action Potential – A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon, occurring when a neuron fires; an 'all-or-none' response.
动作电位——沿轴突快速传导的短暂电脉冲，当神经元发放冲动时产生；是一种“全或无”式的反应。
Synapse – The junction between the axon terminal of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron; chemicals are released here to transmit signals.
突触——发送神经元的轴突末梢与接收神经元的树突或胞体之间的连接点；化学物质在此释放以传递信号。
Neurotransmitter – A chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap and binds to receptor sites on a receiving neuron, influencing its likelihood of firing.
神经递质——一种穿过突触间隙并与接收神经元上的受体位点结合的化学信使，影响该神经元产生冲动的可能性。
Endorphins – Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure; often released during exercise or stress.
内啡肽——天然的阿片样神经递质，与疼痛控制和愉悦感有关；常在运动或压力下释放。
Dopamine – A neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; imbalances are associated with Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
多巴胺——一种影响运动、学习、注意力和情绪的神经递质；其失衡与帕金森病和精神分裂症有关。
Serotonin – A neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep; low levels are linked to depression.
血清素——一种调节情绪、食欲和睡眠的神经递质；水平偏低与抑郁症有关。
Central Nervous System (CNS) – The brain and spinal cord; the body's main processing center.
中枢神经系统（CNS）——大脑和脊髓；身体的主要信息处理中心。
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
周围神经系统（PNS）——连接中枢神经系统与身体其余部位的感觉和运动神经元。
Autonomic Nervous System – The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs; it operates largely automatically, influencing functions such as heartbeat and digestion.
自主神经系统——周围神经系统中控制腺体和内脏肌肉的部分；它大部分时候自动运行，调节心跳、消化等功能。
Sympathetic Nervous System – The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations; part of the 'fight or flight' response.
交感神经系统——自主神经系统中使身体兴奋、在压力情境下调动能量的分支；参与“战斗或逃跑”反应。
Parasympathetic Nervous System – The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving energy, and facilitating rest-and-digest functions.
副交感神经系统——自主神经系统中使身体平静、保存能量并促进“休息与消化”功能的分支。
Endocrine System – The body's 'slow' chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
内分泌系统——身体中“缓慢”的化学通信系统；一组向血流中分泌激素的腺体。
Hormones – Chemical messengers, mostly those produced by endocrine glands, that are transported in the bloodstream and affect tissues throughout the body.
激素——化学信使，大多由内分泌腺产生，通过血液运输并影响全身组织。
Frontal Lobe – The portion of the cerebral cortex located behind the forehead; involved in speaking, planning, reasoning, and voluntary movement (primary motor cortex).
额叶——位于前额后部的大脑皮层部分；参与语言、计划、推理和随意运动（初级运动皮层）。
Broca's Area – A region in the left frontal lobe, typically crucial for speech production; damage leads to difficulty in articulating language while comprehension generally remains intact.
布罗卡区——左额叶的一个区域，通常对言语生成至关重要；受损会导致语言表达困难而理解力通常完好。
Wernicke's Area – A region in the left temporal lobe, important for language comprehension; damage results in fluent but meaningless speech and impaired understanding.
韦尼克区——左侧颞叶的一个区域，对语言理解很重要；受损后言语流利但无意义，理解力受损。
Plasticity – The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
可塑性——大脑，尤其是在儿童期，通过损伤后重组或根据经验建立新通路而发生改变的能力。
3. Sensation & Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation – The process by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment.
感觉——感受器和神经系统接收并表征来自环境刺激能量的过程。
Perception – The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
知觉——组织和解释感觉信息，使我们能够识别有意义的物体和事件的过程。
Absolute Threshold – The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus at least 50% of the time.
绝对阈限——至少有50%的次数能察觉某一刺激所需的最小刺激量。
Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference, JND) – The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
差别阈限（最小可觉差，JND）——有50%的次数能察觉到的两个刺激之间的最小差异。
Weber's Law – The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
韦伯定律——两个刺激必须按恒定的最小百分比（而非恒定数值）差异，才能被知觉为不同的原理。
Sensory Adaptation – Diminished sensitivity due to constant, unchanging stimulation.
感觉适应——由于持续不变的刺激，感受性逐渐降低的现象。
Figure-Ground – A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization; the tendency to separate visual scenes into a central object (the figure) and its surrounding background (the ground).
图形-背景——格式塔知觉组织原则之一；将视觉场景区分为中心物体（图形）和周围背景（背景）的倾向。
Depth Perception – The ability to see objects in three dimensions and judge distance, even though the images on the retina are two-dimensional.
深度知觉——即使视网膜上的图像是二维的，仍能三维地看到物体并判断距离的能力。
Retinal Disparity – A binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing the slightly different images received by each eye, the brain computes distance–the greater the disparity, the closer the object.
视网膜像差——感知深度的一种双眼线索；通过比较两只眼睛接收的稍有不同的图像，大脑计算距离——像差越大，物体越近。
Convergence – A binocular cue for depth perception; the inward rotation of the eyes when looking at a nearby object, the degree of which provides information about distance.
辐合——深度知觉的一种双眼线索；看近处物体时双眼向内旋转的程度，为距离判断提供信息。
Top-Down Processing – Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions based on our experience and expectations.
自上而下加工——由高级心理过程引导的信息加工，例如我们基于经验和期望来构建知觉。
Bottom-Up Processing – Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information; data-driven processing.
自下而上加工——从感受器开始到大脑整合感觉信息的分析；数据驱动的加工。
Selective Attention – The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while filtering out others.
选择性注意——将意识觉知集中于某一个刺激而过滤掉其他的过程。
Inattentional Blindness – Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
无意视盲——当注意力集中在他处时，未能看见可见物体的现象。
4. Learning | 学习
Classical Conditioning – A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli; a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
经典条件作用——有机体学会将两个刺激联系起来的一种学习类型；中性刺激在与无条件刺激多次配对后能诱发条件反应。
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response without prior learning.
无条件刺激（US）——无需预先学习就能自然、自动地引发无条件反应的刺激。
Unconditioned Response (UR) – An unlearned, naturally occurring response (e.g., salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food).
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