📚 A-Level Physics: AS & A2 Core Formulae & Key Terms | A-Level物理：AS与A2核心公式集与关键词
Mastering the essential equations and terminology across AS and A2 Physics is the key to strong exam performance. This compilation brings together the core formulae and key terms from mechanics, waves, electricity, thermal physics, fields, nuclear physics and astrophysics, each presented with clear bilingual explanations to reinforce understanding and memory.
掌握AS与A2物理中的核心方程和术语是取得佳绩的关键。本文汇集了力学、波动、电学、热学、场、核物理和天体物理等板块的核心公式与关键词，每个知识点都配有清晰的双语解释，帮助你巩固理解并强化记忆。
1. Kinematics and Dynamics | 运动学与动力学
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Displacement | 位移 |
| Velocity | 速度 |
| Acceleration | 加速度 |
| Newton's First Law | 牛顿第一定律 |
| Momentum | 动量 |
| Impulse | 冲量 |
in a straight line. The first equation, v = u + at, gives the final velocity after time t.
SUVAT方程描述匀加速直线运动。第一式 v = u + at 给出t时间后的末速度。
v = u + at
s given by s = ut + ½ at², which combines initial velocity and acceleration contributions.
位移由 s = ut + ½ at² 给出，它综合了初速度和加速度的贡献。
s = ut + ½ at²
The relationship between velocities and displacement is v² = u² + 2as.
速度与位移的关系为 v² = u² + 2as。
v² = u² + 2as
Newton' = ma. Momentum is defined as p = mv, and impulse equals the change in momentum: FΔt = Δp.
牛顿第二定律联系合外力、质量与加速度：F = ma。动量定义为 p = mv，冲量等于动量变化量：FΔt = Δp。
F = ma, p = mv, FΔt = Δp
2. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Work done | 做功 |
| Kinetic energy | 动能 |
| Gravitational potential energy | 重力势能 |
| Elastic potential energy | 弹性势能 |
| Power | 功率 |
| Efficiency | 效率 |
nstant force is W = Fd cos θ, where θ is the angle between the force and the displacement.
恒力做功为 W = Fd cos θ，其中θ是力与位移之间的夹角。
W = Fd cos θ
Kinetic energy of a moving object is ½ mv². Gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface is Eₚ = mgh.
运动物体的动能为 ½ mv²。地表附近的重力势能为 Eₚ = mgh。
Eₖ = ½ mv², Eₚ = mgh
Elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring is Eₑ = ½ kx². Power is the rate of doing work, P = W/t = Fv.
被拉伸弹簧储存的弹性势能为 Eₑ = ½ kx²。功率是做功的速率，P = W/t = Fv。
Eₑ = ½ kx², P = Fv
3. Materials and Solids | 材料与固体
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Hooke's Law | 胡克定律 |
| Stress | 应力 |
| Strain | 应变 |
| Young modulus | 杨氏模量 |
| Elastic limit | 弹性极限 |
| Ductile | 延性 |
Hooke' tes that extension is proportional to the applied force, F = kx, within the elastic limit.
胡克定律指出，在弹性限度内，伸长量与施加的力成正比，F = kx。
F = kx
σ = F/A and tensile strain is ε = ΔL/L. The Young modulus E = σ/ε, a measure of stiffness.
拉应力为 σ = F/A，拉应变为 ε = ΔL/L。杨氏模量 E = σ/ε，是衡量材料刚度的量度。
σ = F/A, ε = ΔL/L, E = σ/ε
d elastic material equals the area under the force-extension graph: E = ½ FΔL or ½ k(ΔL)².
发生弹性形变的材料储存的能量等于力-伸长图下的面积：E = ½ FΔL 或 ½ k(ΔL)²。
E = ½ k(ΔL)²
4. Waves and Optics | 波动与光学
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Wavelength | 波长 |
| Frequency | 频率 |
| Refractive index | 折射率 |
| Interference | 干涉 |
| Diffraction | 衍射 |
| Superposition | 叠加 |
The wave speed equation is v = fλ, linking speed, frequency and wavelength.
波速公式为 v = fλ，将波速、频率和波长联系起来。
v = fλ
The refractive index n = c/v, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Snell's law is n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂.
折射率 n = c/v，其中c为真空光速。斯涅尔定律为 n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂。
n = c/v, n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂
fringe spacing Δx = λL/d. A diffraction grating obeys nλ = d sin θ, where n is the order.
双缝干涉中，条纹间距 Δx = λL/d。衍射光栅满足 nλ = d sin θ，其中n为级次。
Δx = λL/d, nλ = d sin θ
5. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Current | 电流 |
| Potential difference | 电势差 |
| Resistance | 电阻 |
| Ohm's Law | 欧姆定律 |
| EMF | 电动势 |
| Internal resistance | 内电阻 |
Electric current is the rate of flow of charge: I = ΔQ/Δt. Potential difference V = W/Q.
电流是电荷的流动速率：I = ΔQ/Δt。电势差 V = W/Q。
I = ΔQ/Δt, V = W/Q
Ohm' aw states that V = IR for an ohmic conductor. Resistance depends on resistivity: R = ρL/A.
欧姆定律表明对欧姆导体有 V = IR。电阻取决于电阻率：R = ρL/A。
V = IR, R = ρL/A
I²R = V²/R. The terminal potential difference of a cell is V = ε − Ir, where ε is the emf.
电功率为 P = IV = I²R = V²/R。电池的路端电压为 V = ε − Ir，其中ε为电动势。
P = IV, V = ε − Ir
6. Particle Physics and Quantum Phenomena | 粒子物理与量子现象
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Photon | 光子 |
| Work function | 逸出功 |
| Photoelectric effect | 光电效应 |
| de Broglie wavelength | 德布罗意波长 |
| Energy level | 能级 |
| Ground state | 基态 |
Photon energy is E = hf = hc/λ, where h is Planck's constant.
光子能量为 E = hf = hc/λ，h为普朗克常量。
E = hf = hc/λ
s the photon energy to the work function φ and maximum kinetic energy: hf = φ + ½ mv²_max.
光电方程将光子能量与逸出功φ和最大动能联系起来：hf = φ + ½ mv²_max。
hf = φ + ½ mv²_max
ns transition between energy levels, emitting or absorbing photons of energy ΔE = E₂ − E₁.
粒子的德布罗意波长为 λ = h/p。电子在能级间跃迁，发射或吸收能量为 ΔE = E₂ − E₁ 的光子。
λ = h/p, ΔE = E₂ − E₁
7. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity | 核物理与放射性
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
| Isotope | 同位素 |
| Decay constant | 衰变常量 |
| Half-life | 半衰期 |
| Activity | 活度 |
| Binding energy | 结合能 |
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