📚 Covalent Bonding: IB AQA Chemistry Essentials | 共价键：IB AQA 化学考点精讲
Covalent bonding is one of the core topics in IB and AQA chemistry, explaining how non-metal atoms share electrons to form molecules and giant structures. This revision guide breaks down key concepts such as Lewis structures, polarity, VSEPR, sigma/pi bonds, and molecular orbital theory, tailored to both IB SL/HL and AQA specifications. Mastering these will strengthen your ability to predict molecular properties, shapes, and reactivity.
共价键是IB和AQA化学的核心主题之一，它解释了非金属原子如何共享电子形成分子和巨型结构。本复习指南分解了路易斯结构、极性、VSEPR、σ键/π键以及分子轨道理论等关键概念，专门针对IB SL/HL和AQA考试要求。掌握这些内容将提高你预测分子性质、形状和反应活性的能力。
1. What is a Covalent Bond? | 什么是共价键？
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This sharing allows each atom to achieve a more stable electron configuration, typically a full outer shell like a noble gas.
当两个原子共享一对或多对电子时，就形成了共价键。这种共享使每个原子获得更稳定的电子构型，通常是类似惰性气体的全满外层。
Covalent bonding usually occurs between non-metal elements with similar electronegativities, where neither atom can fully remove an electron from the other.
共价键通常发生在电负性相似的非金属元素之间，此时任何一个原子都无法完全夺走对方的电子。
The shared electron pair is localised between the two nuclei, creating an electrostatic attraction that holds the atoms together. A single bond involves one shared pair, a double bond involves
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