📚 GCSE CCEA Science: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | GCSE CCEA 科学：期末复习提纲
As you prepare for your end-of-term assessments, this comprehensive revision checklist brings together the essential topics from the CCEA GCSE Science specification. Use it to track your progress and focus your study on the key concepts that are frequently tested. Working through each point will build your confidence and help you connect ideas across biology, chemistry and physics.
在你准备期末考试之际，这份综合复习提纲汇集了CCEA GCSE科学大纲中的核心主题。用它来追踪你的复习进度，将精力集中到常考的关键概念上。逐一复习每个要点能帮你建立信心，并将生物、化学和物理中的知识联系起来。
1. Cells and Microscopy | 细胞与显微镜
Learn the differences between animal and plant cells: animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes, while plant cells also possess a cellulose cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.
掌握动物细胞和植物细胞的区别：动物细胞有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体，而植物细胞还有纤维素细胞壁、中央大液泡和叶绿体。
Be able to compare the structures of prokaryotic cells (e.g. bacteria) with eukaryotic cells: prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, having instead a single loop of DNA and plasmids.
能够比较原核细胞（如细菌）与真核细胞的结构：原核细胞没有真正的细胞核和膜包被的细胞器，代之以单环状DNA和质粒。
n on a slide and how to calculate magnification: magnification = image size ÷ actual size.
理解如何使用光学显微镜，包括如何在载玻片上制备标本，以及如何计算放大倍数：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。
Know the role of specialised cells, such as red blood cells (adapted to carry oxygen) and nerve cells (long axon to carry impulses), and explain how their structure is related to function.
认识特化细胞的作用，如红细胞（适于携带氧气）和神经细胞（长轴突用于传递冲动），并解释其结构与功能的关系。
2. Organisation and Transport Systems | 组织与运输系统
vels of organisation in multicellular organisms: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems.
描述多细胞生物的组织层次：细胞→组织→器官→器官系统。
Revise the structure and function of the human digestive system, including the roles of enzymes like amylase, protease and lipase, and the conditions in which they work best.
复习人体消化系统的结构与功能，包括淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶的作用及其最适作用条件。
Explain how the heart and blood vessels form a double circulatory system, and understand the composition of blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
解释心脏和血管如何构成双循环系统，并理解血液的组成：红细胞、白细胞、血小板和血浆。
In plants, review the roles of xylem and phloem in transporting water, mineral ions and products of photosynthesis, and describe factors affecting transpiration rate.
在植物中，回顾木质部和韧皮部在运输水分、矿质离子和光合产物中的作用，并描述影响蒸腾速率的因素。
3. Infection, Response and Immunity | 感染、响应与免疫
Understand how pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists) cause disease and can be spread, using examples such as HIV, Salmonella, athlete's foot and malaria.
理解病原体（病毒、细菌、真菌和原生生物）如何引起疾病并传播，结合HIV、沙门氏菌、足癣和疟疾等实例。
Describe the body's non-specific defence systems, including skin, nose hairs, mucus and stomach acid, as well as the role of white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production.
描述人体的非特异性防御系统，包括皮肤、鼻毛、黏液和胃酸，以及白细胞在吞噬作用和抗体产生中的作用。
Explain the principles of vaccination and how immunity develops, using the concepts of antigens, antibodies and memory cells.
运用抗原、抗体和记忆细胞的概念，解释疫苗接种的原理以及免疫力是如何产生的。
Know how antibiotics work against bacterial infections but are ineffective against viruses, and discuss the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
了解抗生素如何对抗细菌感染，但对病毒无效，并讨论耐药菌带来的问题。
4. Bioenergetics: Photosynthesis and Respiration | 生物能量学：光合作用与呼吸
hotosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, and 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
写出光合作用的文字和配平的符号方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，以及 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Identify the factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis: light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature, and interpret graphs showing these relationships.
识别限制光合作用速率的因素：光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度，并解读显示这些关系的图线。
lucose → lactic acid + energy) and in yeast (glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy).
比较有氧呼吸（葡萄糖+氧气→二氧化碳+水+能量）与动物无氧呼吸（葡萄糖→乳酸+能量）以及酵母无氧呼吸（葡萄糖→乙醇+二氧化碳+能量）。
Explain how the body responds to increased energy demands during exercise, including changes in breathing and heart rate, and the concept of oxygen debt.
解释运动时身体如何应对增加的能量需求，包括呼吸频率和心率的变化以及氧债的概念。
5. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
Recall the relative charges and masses of protons, neutrons and electrons, and know that most of the mass is in the nucleus, while the electrons occupy shells.
记忆质子、中子和电子的相对电荷与质量，并知道大部分质量集中在原子核，电子占据电子层。
Use atomic number and mass number to determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom, and draw electronic configurations for the first 20 elements.
利用原子序数和质量数确定原子中的质子、中子和电子数，并画出前20号元素的电子排布。
Understand how elements are arranged in the modern Periodic Table in order of atomic number, with groups showing the number of outer electrons and periods showing the number of electron shells.
理解现代周期表中元素如何按原子序数排列，族表示最外层电子数，周期表示电子层数。
Describe the trends in Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 7 (halogens), including reactivity changes and the formation of ions such as Na⁺ and Cl⁻.
描述第1族（碱金属）和第7族（卤素）的变化趋势，包括反应活性的变化以及Na⁺和Cl⁻等离子的形成。
6. Bonding, Structure and Properties | 化学键、结构与性质
Explain the transfer of electrons in ionic bonding, e.g. NaCl and MgO, and the arrangement of ions in a giant ionic lattice, which leads to high melting points and conductivity when molten or in solution.
解释离子键中电子的转移（如NaCl和MgO），以及离子在巨型离子晶格中的排列，这使其熔沸点高、在熔融或溶液中能导电。
Describe covalent bonding as sharing pairs of electrons, and distinguish between simple molecular substances (low melting points, no electrical conductivity) and giant covalent structures (high melting points, e.g. diamond and silicon dioxide).
将共价键描述为电子对的共享，并区分简单分子物质（熔点低，不导电）和巨型共价结构（熔点高，如金刚石和二氧化硅）。
Recall that metallic bonding consists of a regular arrangement of positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons, which explains why metals are good conductors and are malleable.
记住金属键由规则排列的正金属离子和周围离域电子的“海洋”组成，这解释了金属为何是良导体并具有延展性。
Link the properties of materials to their uses, for example graphite's layers allow it to be used as a lubricant and in pencil leads, while its delocalised electrons allow electrical conductivity.
将材料的性质与其用途联系起来，例如石墨的层状结构使其可用作润滑剂和笔芯，而其离域电子使其能够导电。
7. Quantitative Chemistry and the Mole | 定量化学与摩尔
Calculate relative formula mass (Mᵣ) by adding together the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a formula, and use this to determine the percentage by mass of an element in a compound.
通过将化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量相加来计算相对式量（Mᵣ），并用它计算化合物中某元素的质量百分数。
of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles, and has a mass equal to its Mᵣ in grams.
理解摩尔作为物质的量的单位：1摩尔任何物质含有6.02 × 10²³个粒子，其质量以克为单位等于其Mᵣ。
, and apply it to both solid and solution calculations, including concentration in mol/dm³.
使用公式：摩尔数 = 质量(g) ÷ Mᵣ，将其应用于固体和溶液的计算，包括以mol/dm³为单位的浓度计算。
Calculate reacting masses and volumes of gases using mole ratios from balanced equations, including the relation that 1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³ at room temperature and pressure.
利用配平方程式中的摩尔比计算反应质量和气体体积，包括室温常压下1摩尔任何气体占据24 dm³的关系。
8. Chemical Changes and Energy | 化学变化与能量
Recall the reactivity series of metals and use it to predict displacement reactions, such as zinc displacing copper from copper sulfate solution.
记忆金属活动性顺序并用来预测置换反应，例如锌从硫酸铜溶液中置换出铜。
Describe the extraction of metals from their ores, linking it to the reactivity series: metals below carbon can be reduced with carbon, while more reactive metals like aluminium require electrolysis.
描述从矿石中提取金属的方法，并与活动性顺序关联：位于碳以下的金属可用碳还原，而更活泼的金属如铝需要电解。
or loss of oxygen, and write ionic equations for neutralisation reactions: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
从得氧和失氧的角度理解氧化与还原，并能书写中和反应的离子方程式：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reactions, and interpret energy profile diagrams, identifying activation energy and overall energy change.
区分放热反应与吸热反应，并解读能量变化图，识别活化能和总能量变化。
9. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Explain the difference between scalar quantities (e.g. distance, speed) and vector quantities (e.g. displacement, velocity, force), and be able to represent forces using free-body diagrams.
解释标量（如距离、速率）和矢量（如位移、速度、力）的区别，并能用受力分析图表示力。
at, s = ut + ½at² and v² = u² + 2as, and apply them to situations of uniform acceleration.
使用运动学方程：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at² 和 v² = u² + 2as，并将其应用于匀加速运动的情况。
Apply Newton' on, including the equation F = ma to calculate resultant force, and understand that action–reaction pairs act on different objects.
运用牛顿三定律，包括用公式 F = ma 计算合力，并理解作用力与反作用力作用在不同物体上。
Describe factors affecting stopping distance: thinking distance plus braking distance, and link braking distance to speed, mass, road conditions and tyre condition.
描述影响停车距离的因素：思考距离加上制动距离，并将制动距离与速度、质量、路面状况和轮胎状态联系起来。
10. Energy and Energy Resources | 能量与能源
Identify different forms of energy: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic, thermal, chemical, nuclear, electrical, light and sound, and describe how energy is transferred between stores.
识别不同形式的能量：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能、化学能、核能、电能、光能和声能，并描述能量如何在储存库之间转移。
Calculate kinetic energy (½mv²) and gravitational potential energy (mgh), and apply the principle of conservation of energy to solve problems involving energy transfers.
计算动能 (½mv²) 和重力势能 (mgh)，并运用能量守恒原理解决涉及能量转移的问题。
easure of energy transfer: W = F × d, and power as the rate of energy transfer: P = E ÷ t.
解释功是能量转移的量度：W = F × d，功率是能量转移的速率：P = E ÷ t。
Compare renewable energy resources (wind, solar, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal) with non-renewable resources (fossil fuels, nuclear), evaluating their advantages and disadvantages for electricity generation.
比较可再生能源（风能、太阳能、潮汐能、水能、地热）与不可再生能源（化石燃料、核能），评估它们在发电中的优缺点。
11. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation | 波与电磁辐射
Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves, giving examples such as light (transverse) and sound (longitudinal), and describe features: amplitude, wavelength, frequency and wave speed.
区分横波与纵波，各举例说明如光（横波）和声音（纵波），并描述其特征：振幅、波长、频率和波速。
ave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = fλ), and apply it to calculate unknown quantities.
使用波动方程：波速 = 频率 × 波长 (v = fλ)，并用它来计算未知量。
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in order of decreasing wavelength/increasing frequency: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma, and know the uses and dangers of each region.
按波长递减/频率递增的顺序描述电磁波谱：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线和伽马射线，并知道各区域的用途和危害。
Explain how radio waves are produced by oscillations in electrical circuits and how they can induce an alternating current in a receiver, forming the basis of communication systems.
解释无线电波如何由电路中电子的振荡产生，以及如何能在接收器中感应出交流电，这构成了通信系统的基础。
12. Electricity, Magnetism and Space | 电、磁与太空
Apply Ohm's law: V = IR, and describe the I– nt lamps and diodes, including how resistance changes with temperature in a filament lamp.
运用欧姆定律：V = IR，并描述电阻器、灯丝灯泡和二极管的I-V特性，包括灯丝灯泡中电阻如何随温度变化。
nd in parallel (1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂), and explain how adding resistors affects the circuit.
计算电阻串联（Rₜ = R₁ + R₂）和并联（1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂）的总电阻，并解释增加电阻对电路的影响。
Describe the magnetic effect of a current, how an electromagnet works, and the factors that increase its strength, linking this to uses in relays, bells and motors.
描述电流的磁效应、电磁铁的工作原理以及增强其磁性的因素，并将此与继电器、电铃和电动机中的用途联系起来。
Outline the basic structure of the Solar System, the lifecycle of stars like our Sun, and the evidence for the Big Bang theory (red-shift and cosmic microwave background radiation).
概述太阳系的基本结构、类似太阳的恒星的生命周期，以及支持大爆炸理论的证据（红移和宇宙微波背景辐射）。
Published by TutorHao | CCEA GCSE Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图