📚 GCSE Edexcel Physics Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE Edexcel 物理公式汇总手册
This comprehensive handbook gathers all the essential equations and relationships you will meet in the Edexcel GCSE Physics course. For each formula we explain the symbols, units and typical applications, helping you build confidence for both Paper 1 and Paper 2. Keep this reference close when practicing calculations and revising key topics.
这份手册汇集了你在 Edexcel GCSE 物理课程中会遇到的所有重要方程和关系式。每个公式都配有符号、单位的解释和典型应用，帮助你为试卷一和试卷二的计算与复习建立信心。请在做题和回顾重点知识时随时查阅。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Average speed is distance travelled divided by time taken. The formula uses v for speed, s for distance and t for time.
平均速度等于经过的距离除以所用时间。公式中用 v 表示速度，s 表示距离，t 表示时间。
v = s / t
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It uses v as final velocity, u as initial velocity and t as the time interval.
加速度是速度变化的快慢。公式中 v 为末速度，u 为初速度，t 为时间间隔。
a = (v − u) / t
ration are linked by the equation: v² = u² + 2 a s. This is useful when time is not given.
末速度、位移和加速度之间的联系为 v² = u² + 2as。当题目未给出时间时，该式非常有帮助。
v² = u² + 2 a s
+ ½ a t², giving the displacement after a period of acceleration from an initial velocity.
匀变速直线运动也可用 s = ut + ½ a t² 描述，它给出从初速度开始加速一段时间后的位移。
s = u t + ½ a t²
On a distance–time graph the gradient gives the speed; on a velocity–time graph the gradient gives acceleration and the area under the graph gives the distance travelled.
在距离–时间图中，梯度表示速度；在速度–时间图中，梯度表示加速度，曲线下的面积表示所行距离。
2. Newton's Laws and Weight | 牛顿定律与重力
Newton's second law links resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a: the acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.
牛顿第二定律将合力 F、质量 m 和加速度 a 联系起来：加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。
F = m a
lying the mass m by the gravitational field strength g (on Earth g ≈ 10 N/kg or 9.8 N/kg).
重量是作用在物体上的重力，等于质量 m 乘以重力场强度 g（地球上 g ≈ 10 N/kg 或 9.8 N/kg）。
W = m g
In situations where a falling object reaches terminal velocity, the resultant force becomes zero because weight is balanced by air resistance.
当下落物体达到终极速度时，重力与空气阻力平衡，合力为零。
3. Momentum | 动量
Momentum p is the product of mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity, so direction matters.
动量 p 是质量和速度的乘积，是矢量，方向与速度相同。
p = m v
In a closed system, total momentum before a collision or explosion equals total momentum after: conservation of momentum.
在封闭系统中，碰撞或爆炸前的总动量等于作用后的总动量，即动量守恒。
m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂
F = (mv − mu) / t. This explains why crumple zones increase impact time and reduce force.
力还可以表示为动量的变化率：F = (mv − mu) / t。这解释了为什么汽车的溃缩区能延长碰撞时间、减小作用力。
4. Forces, Moments and Elasticity | 力、力矩与弹性
The moment of a force (turning effect) is the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
力矩（转动效应）等于力与支点到力作用线的垂直距离的乘积。
M = F × d
For a spring, the extension x is directly proportional to the applied force F within the limit of proportionality – Hooke's law – where k is the spring constant.
在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长量 x 与所受外力 F 成正比，即胡克定律，k 为劲度系数。
F = k x
ential energy stored in a stretched spring can be calculated from the area under the force–extension graph: E = ½ F x, which can be rewritten as E = ½ k x².
拉伸弹簧时储存的弹性势能可通过力–伸长图下的面积求得：E = ½Fx，或写成 E = ½ k x²。
E = ½ k x²
5. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率
Work done by a force is the force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force. Work transfers energy.
功是力与沿力方向上移动距离的乘积，功的过程伴随着能量转移。
W = F × d
an object lifted in a gravitational field is mass × gravitational field strength × height.
物体在重力场中被举高时所增加的重力势能（GPE）等于质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。
GPE = m g h
Kinetic energy (KE) of a moving object is one half times mass times speed squared.
运动物体的动能（KE）等于二分之一乘以质量再乘以速度的平方。
KE = ½ m v²
Power is the rate of energy transfer or work done. It can be calculated as work or energy divided by time.
功率是能量转移或做功的快慢，等于做功或转移的能量除以时间。
P = W / t or P = E / t
Efficiency expresses the proportion of input energy that is transformed usefully, and can be a ratio or a percentage.
效率表示输入能量中被有效转化的比例，可以用小数或百分数表示。
efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
6. Density, Pressure and States of Matter | 密度、压强与物质状态
Density ρ (rho) is mass per unit volume. The formula links mass m, volume V and density.
密度 ρ 是单位体积的质量，公式将质量 m、体积 V 和密度联系起来。
ρ = m / V
Pressure on a surface is the normal force per unit area. Fluid pressure increases with depth and density of the fluid.
作用在表面上的压强等于法向力除以受力面积。流体压强随深度和流体密度的增加而增大。
p = F / A
a column of height h is given by Δp = ρ g h, where g is the gravitational field strength.
在液体中，高度为 h 的液柱产生的压强差为 Δp = ρgh，其中 g 为重力场强度。
Δp = ρ g h
7. Thermal Physics | 热物理
When a substance is heated without changing state, the energy transferred is proportional to mass, specific heat capacity c and temperature change Δθ.
当物质吸热而不发生状态变化时，所传递的能量与质量 m、比热容 c 和温度变化 Δθ 成正比。
ΔE = m c Δθ
mass at constant temperature is the specific latent heat L. The total energy is mass × L.
在状态变化过程中，单位质量在恒温下熔化或汽化所需的能量称为比潜热 L，总能量为质量 × L。
E = m L
For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional: Boyle's law.
对于一定质量的恒温气体，压强与体积成反比，即玻意耳定律。
p₁ V₁ = p₂ V₂
8. Basic Electrical Quantities | 基础电学量
Electric charge Q transferred in a circuit is the product of current I and time t.
电路中传递的电荷 Q 等于电流 I 与时间 t 的乘积。
Q = I t
Ohm's law defines resistance R as the ratio of potential difference V across a component to the current I flowing through it.
欧姆定律将电阻定义为元件两端的电势差 V 与流过元件的电流 I 之比。
V = I R
For resistors in series the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
串联电阻的总阻值等于各电阻值之和。
Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...
9. Electrical Power and Energy Transfer | 电功率与能量传递
Electrical power P is the rate of energy transfer. It can be calculated as product of current and voltage, or using resistance.
电功率 P 是能量转换的速率，可以用电流与电压的乘积表示，也可通过电阻计算。
P = I V and P = I² R and P = V² / R
an appliance is power multiplied by time: E = P t. Combining with P = I V gives E = I V t.
用电器转移的电能等于功率乘以时间：E = Pt。结合 P = IV 可得 E = IVt。
E = P t = I V t
In everyday electricity usage, energy is often measured in kilowatt‑hours (kW h). 1 kW h = 3.6 × 10⁶ J.
在日常用电中，电能常用千瓦时（kW h）计量，1 kWh = 3.6×10⁶ J。
10. Waves | 波
Wave speed v is related to frequency f and wavelength λ. This applies to both mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
波速 v 与频率 f 和波长 λ 的关系式适用于机械波和电磁波。
v = f λ
s the reciprocal of frequency: T = 1/f. It measures the time for one complete oscillation.
波的周期 T 是频率的倒数：T = 1/f，表示一次完整振动所需的时间。
T = 1 / f
Refractive index n can be obtained from the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence i to the sine of the angle of refraction r.
折射率 n 可通过入射角 i 的正弦与折射角 r 的正弦之比求得。
n = sin i / sin r
Magnification is the ratio of image height to object height.
放大倍数是像高与物高之比。
magnification = image height / object height
11. Electromagnetism and Transformers | 电磁学与变压器
For an ideal transformer, the ratio of the primary voltage Vp to the secondary voltage Vs equals the turn ratio Np/Ns.
对于理想变压器，初级电压 Vp 与次级电压 Vs 之比等于匝数比 Np/Ns。
Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
Assuming 100% efficiency, the input power equals the output power, so primary current Ip times voltage equals secondary current Is times voltage.
假设效率为 100%，输入功率等于输出功率，因此初级电流 Ip 与电压乘积等于次级电流 Is 与电压乘积。
Vp Ip = Vs Is
12. Space and Nuclear Physics | 空间与核物理
There are no dedicated equations for radioactivity decay in the GCSE specification, but you should be able to interpret half‑life graphs and determine the number of half‑lives from the ratio of remaining to original nuclei. Calculations involve successive halving.
GCSE 规范中没有专门的放射性衰变公式，但你需要会解读半衰期图，并根据剩余核素与初始核素之比确定经历的半衰期次数。计算时采用连续减半的方法。
though the centripetal force formula (F = mv²/r) is not required by Edexcel GCSE Physics.
行星和卫星的轨道运动可通过引力提供向心力来解释，虽然向心力公式（F = mv²/r）不在 Edexcel GCSE 物理要求之内。
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