📚 IB WJEC Science: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | IB WJEC 科学：期末复习提纲
This comprehensive end-of-term revision checklist bridges the IB Diploma Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) and WJEC Science specifications (GCSE and A-level equivalents). It highlights the must-know core concepts, practical skills, and exam tips to help you consolidate your learning across experimental and theoretical topics. Use this guide to self-assess your understanding, prioritise weak areas, and approach your final examinations with confidence.
这份全面的期末复习提纲融合了 IB 文凭科学（物理、化学、生物）与 WJEC 科学规范（GCSE 及 A-level 同等水平）的核心要求，帮你梳理必知概念、实验技能与应考策略。用它来检测自己的掌握程度，锁定薄弱环节，自信迎战期末考试。
1. Scientific Methodology and Inquiry | 科学方法与探究
Understand the scientific method: formulate testable hypotheses, identify independent, dependent and control variables, and design fair investigations.
掌握科学方法：提出可检验的假设，识别自变量、因变量和控制变量，设计公平的实验方案。
Be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision, and evaluate systematic and random errors in experimental data.
能区分准确度与精确度，评估实验数据中的系统误差和随机误差。
Know how to use standard notation, significant figures, and uncertainty propagation in measurements aligned with both IB Internal Assessment criteria and WJEC practical tasks.
知道如何使用标准记数法、有效数字和不确定度传递，契合 IB 内部评估标准和 WJEC 实验任务的要求。
2. Mechanics and Motion | 力学与运动
Recall and apply kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, such as v = u + at and s = ut + ½at².
回忆并应用匀加速运动的运动学方程，例如 v = u + at 和 s = ut + ½at²。
Resolve vectors into perpendicular components and construct free-body diagrams showing weight, normal reaction, tension and friction.
将矢量分解为垂直分量，绘制受力图，标明重力、法向反力、张力和摩擦力。
Master Newton's three laws, momentum conservation (Σpinitial = Σpfinal), and impulse-momentum theorem for collisions and explosions.
掌握牛顿三定律、动量守恒（Σp₀ = Σp 末）以及碰撞与爆炸中的冲量-动量定理。
Calculate work, kinetic energy (Ek = ½mv²), gravitational potential energy (Ep = mgh) and power, and apply the work-energy principle to solve problems.
计算功、动能（Eₖ = ½mv²）、重力势能（Eₚ = mgh）和功率，并应用功能原理解决问题。
3. Waves and Optics | 波动与光学
Describe transverse and longitudinal waves, and define amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and wave speed (v = fλ).
描述横波与纵波，定义振幅、波长、频率、周期和波速（v = fλ）。
Explain reflection, refraction, diffraction and superposition; construct and interpret diagrams for standing waves and two-source interference patterns.
解释反射、折射、衍射和叠加；绘制并解释驻波和双源干涉图样。
Apply Snell's law (n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2) and calculate critical angle; explain total internal reflection and its use in optical fibres.
应用斯涅尔定律（n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂）并计算临界角；解释全内反射及其在光纤中的应用。
Recall the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength, and link photon energy to frequency: E = hf.
按波长递增顺序回忆电磁波谱，并将光子能量与频率联系起来：E = hf。
4. Electricity and Magnetism | 电学与磁学
Define electric current as the rate of charge flow, and use Ohm’s law (V = IR) to analyse series and parallel circuits.
将电流定义为电荷流动的速率，使用欧姆定律（V = IR）分析串联和并联电路。
Describe the behaviour of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, and sketch I-V characteristics for a filament lamp, diode and thermistor.
描述欧姆导体和非欧姆导体的行为，并绘制灯丝灯泡、二极管和热敏电阻的 I-V 特性曲线。
Explain electromagnetism: magnetic fields around wires and solenoids, Fleming's left-hand rule for motor effect, and the operation of a d.c. motor.
解释电磁学：导线和螺线管周围的磁场、弗莱明左手定则用于电动机效应，以及直流电动机的工作原理。
Understand electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, and how an a.c. generator produces an alternating e.m.f. proportional to NBAω sin(ωt).
理解电磁感应、法拉第定律、楞次定律，以及交流发电机如何产生与 NBAω sin(ωt) 成正比的感应电动势。
5. Thermal Physics | 热力学
Define temperature in terms of molecular kinetic energy and convert between Celsius and Kelvin: T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15.
根据分子动能定义温度，并进行摄氏与开尔文温标的转换：T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15。
State the ideal gas equation (pV = nRT) and explain the kinetic model assumptions, linking macroscopic pressure to microscopic collisions.
陈述理想气体状态方程（pV = nRT），解释分子动理论的假设，将宏观压强与微观分子碰撞联系起来。
Describe specific heat capacity and latent heat; perform energy calculations using Q = mcΔT and Q = mL.
描述比热容和潜热；用 Q = mcΔT 和 Q = mL 进行能量计算。
6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics | 原子与核物理
Outline the structure of the atom: protons, neutrons, electrons, and the evidence from Rutherford’s gold foil experiment.
概述原子结构：质子、中子、电子，以及卢瑟福金箔实验提供的证据。
Describe radioactive decay types: alpha (⁴₂He²⁺), beta minus (⁰₋₁e⁻), beta plus (⁰₊₁e⁺) and gamma; write balanced nuclear equations.
描述放射性衰变类型：α（⁴₂He²⁺）、β⁻（⁰₋₁e⁻）、β⁺（⁰₊₁e⁺）和 γ；书写配平的核反应方程。
Define half-life and use the decay law N = N₀ e⁻λt; solve problems involving activity and exponential decay.
定义半衰期，使用衰变律 N = N₀ e⁻λt；解决涉及活度和指数衰变的问题。
nding energy and nuclear fission/fusion; interpret E = mc² in energy release calculations.
解释质量亏损、结合能以及核裂变与聚变；在能量释放计算中运用 E = mc²。
7. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构
Differentiate between ionic, covalent and metallic bonding; use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent electron transfer or sharing.
区分离子键、共价键和金属键；使用点叉图表示电子转移或共用。
Apply VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes (linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, bent) and bond angles.
应用 VSEPR 理论预测分子形状（直线形、平面三角形、四面体形、角形）和键角。
Explain giant covalent structures (diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide) and their properties, including electrical conductivity in graphite due to delocalised electrons.
解释巨型共价结构（金刚石、石墨、二氧化硅）及其性质，包括石墨因离域电子而具有导电性。
Define electronegativity and relate bond polarity to dipole moments; deduce molecular polarity from symmetry arguments.
定义电负性，将键的极性与偶极矩相关联；根据对称性判断分子的极性。
8. Stoichiometry and the Mole | 化学计量与摩尔
Define the mole and Avogadro' t (6.02×10²³); calculate molar mass, percent composition and empirical/molecular formulae.
定义摩尔和阿伏伽德罗常数（6.02×10²³）；计算摩尔质量、百分组成以及实验式/分子式。
Write and balance chemical equations; perform mole-to-mole, mass-to-mass and limiting reactant calculations for reactions such as:
书写并配平化学方程式；进行摩尔-摩尔、质量-质量以及限量反应物的计算，例如：
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Understand solution concentration: molarity (c = n/V), dilutions, and back-titration techniques commonly examined in WJEC practical assessments and IB internal assessments.
理解溶液浓度：物质的量浓度（c = n/V）、稀释和返滴定技术，这些常见于 WJEC 实验评估和 IB 内部评估。
Apply gas stoichiometry using molar volume (22.7 dm³ mol⁻¹ at STP) and the ideal gas law to relate pressure, volume, temperature and moles.
运用气体摩尔体积（标准状况下 22.7 dm³ mol⁻¹）和理想气体定律进行气体计量，关联压强、体积、温度与物质的量。
9. Introduction to Organic Chemistry | 有机化学导论
Name and draw alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids using IUPAC nomenclature, and recognise structural and E/Z isomers.
使用 IUPAC 命名法命名并绘制烷烃、烯烃、醇和羧酸，识别结构异构体和 E/Z 异构体。
Describe complete and incomplete combustion reactions, and explain the substitution reactions of alkanes with halogens in presence of UV light.
描述完全和不完全燃烧反应，并解释烷烃在紫外光下与卤素的取代反应。
Outline electrophilic addition of H₂, HX and H₂O to alkenes; state Markovnikov's rule and give the mechanism for hydration of ethene to ethanol.
概述烯烃与 H₂、HX 和 H₂O 的亲电加成；陈述马尔科夫尼科夫规则，并给出乙烯水合制乙醇的机理。
Compare primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols through oxidation with acidified dichromate; explain the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
通过酸性重铬酸钾氧化比较伯、仲、叔醇；解释羧酸与醇生成酯的反应。
10. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; describe the ultrastructure of animal and plant cells, including nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cell wall.
比较原核细胞与真核细胞；描述动植物细胞的超微结构，包括细胞核、线粒体、叶绿体和细胞壁。
Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, and outline transport mechanisms: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
解释细胞膜的流动镶嵌模型，概述运输机制：扩散、渗透、协助扩散和主动运输。
Summarise the events of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) in growth and repair, and relate uncontrolled division to cancer.
概述有丝分裂（前期、中期、后期、末期）在生长和修复中的作用，并将细胞分裂失控与癌症联系起来。
Describe the role of enzymes as biological catalysts; sketch typical rate–substrate concentration graphs and explain the effect of pH and temperature using the induced-fit model.
描述酶作为生物催化剂的作用；绘制典型的反应速率-底物浓度图，并用诱导契合模型解释 pH 和温度的影响。
11. Genetics and Molecular Biology | 遗传与分子生物学
Identify DNA structure: double helix, complementary base pairing (A–T, C–G), and describe semi-conservative replication using DNA polymerase.
识别 DNA 结构：双螺旋、互补碱基配对（A–T，C–G），并用 DNA 聚合酶描述半保留复制。
Transcribe DNA into mRNA and translate the genetic code to a polypeptide chain using codon tables; highlight the universality of the genetic code.
将 DNA 转录为 mRNA，使用密码子表将遗传密码翻译为多肽链；强调遗传密码的通用性。
Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares, and apply the chi-squared (χ²) test to determine goodness of fit for genetic ratios.
用庞尼特方格解决单基因和双基因杂交问题，并应用卡方（χ²）检验判断遗传比例的拟合优度。
Contrast Mendelian genetics with linked genes and incomplete dominance; explain the role of mutations, variation and natural selection in evolution.
比较孟德尔遗传与连锁基因和不完全显性；解释突变、变异和自然选择在进化中的作用。
12. Ecology and Evolution | 生态与进化
Define species, population, community and ecosystem; construct food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids, accounting for roughly 10% energy transfer between trophic levels.
定义物种、种群、群落和生态系统；构建食物链、食物网和能量金字塔，注意营养级间约 10% 的能量传递效率。
Outline the carbon and nitrogen cycles, including the roles of decomposers, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria; explain how human activities disrupt these cycles.
概述碳循环和氮循环，包括分解者、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的作用；解释人类活动如何干扰这些循环。
Explain the greenhouse effect and enhanced global warming: link CO₂ and CH₄ emissions to rising global temperatures, and evaluate the evidence for climate change.
解释温室效应与增强的全球变暖：将 CO₂ 和 CH₄ 的排放与全球气温升高联系起来，并评估气候变化的证据。
Describe evidence for evolution (fossil record, comparative anatomy, biochemical similarities) and the processes of speciation through geographic isolation and divergent evolution.
描述进化的证据（化石记录、比较解剖学、生物化学相似性）以及通过地理隔离和趋异进化形成新物种的过程。
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