📚 What Do Children Learn in Year 1 in the UK? | 英国一年级学什么
Year 1 is the first formal year of primary school in England and Wales, and it is the point where children move from play-based learning into a structured National Curriculum. Parents who are new to the British system often ask a simple question: what exactly does a five or six year old study all day? This guide walks through every subject, the age rules, the assessment checks and the practical ways families can support learning at home.
Year 1（一年级）是英格兰和威尔士小学的第一个正式学年，孩子在这一年从以游戏为主的学前学习，进入结构化的国家课程体系。刚到英国的家长最常问的一个问题就是：一个五六岁的孩子，每天到底在学什么？本文会逐一介绍各门学科、入学年龄规定、评估方式，以及家长在家配合的具体做法。
1. What Is Key Stage 1? Age and Year Groups | 什么是关键阶段1：年龄与年级
In England and Wales, Year 1 is the first year of Key Stage 1 (KS1). Children normally start Year 1 in the September after their fifth birthday, so most pupils are 5-6 years old. Key Stage 1 covers two years in total: Year 1 (ages 5-6) and Year 2 (ages 6-7).
在英格兰和威尔士，Year 1 是 Key Stage 1（关键阶段1）的第一年。孩子通常在满 5 岁之后的 9 月升入 Year 1，所以班上大多数学生是 5-6 岁。Key Stage 1 一共包含两个学年：Year 1（5-6 岁）和 Year 2（6-7 岁）。
It is worth clearing up a common mix-up: the year for 4-5 year olds is Reception, which belongs to the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), not Key Stage 1. In Scotland, the equivalent first year is Primary 1, where children start between about 4 years 6 months and 5 years 6 months, which is why some families hear the phrase "first year at school" used for four year olds.
这里需要澄清一个常见误解：4-5 岁孩子所在的年级是 Reception，属于早期基础阶段（EYFS），并不是 Key Stage 1。在苏格兰，对应的第一年是 Primary 1，孩子大约 4 岁半到 5 岁半入学，这也是为什么有些家庭会把"上学的第一年"和 4 岁联系起来。
| Year 年级 | Age 年龄 | Stage 阶段 |
| Reception | 4-5 | EYFS 早期基础阶段 |
| Year 1 | 5-6 | Key Stage 1 关键阶段1 |
| Year 2 | 6-7 | Key Stage 1 关键阶段1 |
2. The National Curriculum and a Typical School Day | 国家课程与一天的安排
The National Curriculum sets out what schools must teach. At Key Stage 1 the core subjects are English, Mathematics and Science, and the foundation subjects are Art and Design, Computing, Design and Technology, Geography, History, Music and Physical Education. Religious Education is also required, although the syllabus is decided locally, and most schools add PSHE (personal, social, health and economic education).
国家课程规定了学校必须教授的内容。在 Key Stage 1，核心科目是英语、数学和科学；基础科目包括艺术与设计、计算机、设计与技术、地理、历史、音乐和体育。宗教教育同样是必修内容，但教学大纲由地方决定；此外，大多数学校还会加入 PSHE（个人、社会、健康与经济教育）。
A typical day mixes short whole-class lessons with guided group work and free activity. English and maths are usually taught in the morning when concentration is highest, with phonics, reading practice, topic work, PE or art in the afternoon. Children normally work in small groups that rotate, so the teacher can hear every child read during the week.
典型的一天会把全班短课、小组指导活动和自由活动穿插起来。英语和数学通常安排在注意力最好的上午，自然拼读、阅读练习、主题课、体育或美术安排在下午。孩子一般分组轮换学习，这样老师在一周内能听到每个孩子朗读。
3. English: Phonics, Reading, Writing and Spelling | 英语：自然拼读、阅读、写作与拼写
English in Year 1 is built around phonics. Children revise the letter sounds learned in Reception and move on to digraphs and trigraphs such as sh, ch, th, ai, ee, igh and oo, then blend them to read unfamiliar words. They also learn to split words into sounds for spelling, and to read common exception words such as the, said, was and you that do not follow regular rules.
Year 1 的英语以自然拼读（phonics）为核心。孩子会复习 Reception 学过的字母音，再学习 sh、ch、th、ai、ee、igh、oo 这类双字母和三字母音，然后把音拼起来读陌生单词。他们也会练习把单词拆成音来拼写，并认读 the、said、was、you 这类不符合常规拼读规则的常见例外词。
Reading covers both word reading and comprehension. Pupils listen to and retell stories, predict what happens next, and talk about characters and events. Writing moves from labels and captions to simple sentences, with capital letters, full stops, finger spaces and the joining word "and". Handwriting practice focuses on correct letter formation and consistent size.
阅读包括认读和理解两部分。学生会听故事并复述，预测接下来发生什么，讨论人物和情节。写作从标签和短句说明，逐步过渡到简单句子，要求使用大写字母、句号、手指间隔，以及连接词 "and"。书写练习则关注字母笔顺正确、大小一致。
Speaking and listening runs through every lesson: children answer questions in full sentences, take turns, perform rhymes and poems, and explain their ideas to a partner. In June, all Year 1 pupils in England take the Phonics Screening Check, a short one-to-one reading check of 40 words.
听说能力贯穿在所有课程中：孩子用完整句子回答问题、轮流发言、表演儿歌和诗歌，并向同伴解释自己的想法。每年 6 月，英格兰所有 Year 1 学生都要参加 Phonics Screening Check（自然拼读筛查），这是一项一对一的短文朗读检查，共 40 个单词。
4. Maths: Number, Comparison and Addition and Subtraction | 数学：数字、比较与加减法
Number is the biggest part of Year 1 maths. Children count to and across 100, forwards and backwards, count in multiples of 2, 5 and 10, read and write numbers to 100 in numerals and words, and say one more and one less than a given number.
数与运算是 Year 1 数学中占比最大的部分。孩子要正数、倒数到 100 并跨越 100，按 2、5、10 的倍数数数，用数字和英文单词读写 100 以内的数，并说出比给定数多 1 和少 1 的数。
btraction are taught with objects, number lines and part-whole models, then written as number sentences such as 8 + 5 = 13 and 13 − 5 = 8.
他们用 <、> 和 = 比较并排序数字，学习 10 和 20 的分解组合，例如 7 + 3 = 10、14 + 6 = 20。加减法先用实物、数轴和整体—部分模型来教，然后写成 8 + 5 = 13、13 − 5 = 8 这样的算式。
Number bonds to 10: 1+9, 2+8, 3+7, 4+6, 5+5 | 10 的分解组合
Multiplication and division appear in a simple form: counting in 2s, 5s and 10s, making equal groups and arrays, and sharing objects equally. Children also solve one-step word problems and begin to use the language of fractions, recognising ½ and ¼ of an object, shape or small quantity.
乘除法以简单形式出现：按 2、5、10 数数，做出相等的组和阵列图，把物品平均分配。孩子还会解决一步文字应用题，并开始接触分数语言，能认出物体、图形或小数量的一半（½）和四分之一（¼）。
5. Geometry and Measurement in Year 1 | 几何与测量
Geometry in Year 1 focuses on recognising and naming shapes. Pupils identify 2D shapes such as rectangles, squares, circles and triangles, and 3D shapes such as cubes, cuboids, spheres, pyramids, cones and cylinders. They describe position and direction using left, right, top, middle, bottom, and make half, quarter and three-quarter turns.
Year 1 的几何重点是识别和命名图形。学生要认识长方形、正方形、圆形、三角形等平面图形，以及立方体、长方体、球体、锥体、圆柱体等立体图形。他们用 left、right、top、middle、bottom 描述位置与方向，并能做半圈、四分之一圈和四分之三圈的转动。
Measurement is practical and hands-on. Children compare and order lengths and heights, mass and weight, capacity and volume, and record results using non-standard units such as cubes or paper clips before meeting centimetres and metres. Telling the time to the hour and half past the hour, and naming the days of the week and months of the year, are also expected.
测量部分强调动手操作。孩子比较并排列长度与高度、质量与重量、容量与体积，先用积木、回形针这类非标准单位记录结果，再接触厘米和米。此外还要求会看整点和半点的时间，并能说出星期和月份的名称。
Money provides a natural context for measurement work: recognising coins and notes, adding small amounts, and working out change in role-play shops. This is one of the easiest areas to practise at home while shopping.
金钱是测量学习的天然情境：认识硬币和纸币、把小额金额相加、在角色扮演的商店里算找零。这也是在家购物时最容易练习的内容之一。
6. Science: Weather, Plants, Animals and Simple Experiments | 科学：天气、植物、动物与简单实验
Science in Year 1 is taught through topics and through "working scientifically" skills: asking questions, observing closely, performing simple tests, and recording what happens with pictures, tables and labels. The four statutory topics are plants, animals including humans, everyday materials, and seasonal changes.
Year 1 的科学按主题教学，同时培养"科学探究"技能：提出问题、仔细观察、做简单测试，并用图画、表格和标签记录结果。四个法定主题是植物、动物（含人类）、日常材料和季节变化。
In the plants topic, children identify common garden and wild plants and trees, and name basic parts such as leaf, flower, root and stem. In animals including humans, they group animals into fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, describe what animals eat, and name parts of the human body and the five senses.
在植物主题中，孩子识别常见的园艺植物、野生植物和树木，并说出叶、花、根、茎等基本结构。在动物（含人类）主题中，他们把动物分为鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类和哺乳类，描述动物吃什么，并说出人体部位和五种感官。
Everyday materials work covers wood, plastic, glass, metal, water and rock, and asks children to describe simple properties such as hard, soft, shiny, rough, waterproof and absorbent. Seasonal changes look at weather and day length across autumn, winter, spring and summer, often with a class weather chart.
日常材料部分涵盖木头、塑料、玻璃、金属、水和岩石，要求孩子描述硬、软、有光泽、粗糙、防水、吸水等简单性质。季节变化主题观察秋冬春夏的天气与白昼长短，通常配合班级天气记录表进行。
7. Art: Music, Art, Dance and Drama | 艺术：音乐、美术、舞蹈与戏剧
Art and Design in Year 1 gives children experience of drawing, painting, printing and sculpture. They use a range of materials, mix colours, make marks with different tools, and look at the work of artists and designers to inspire their own pieces. Sketchbooks may be introduced, and work is often linked to the class topic.
Year 1 的艺术与设计让孩子体验绘画、上色、版画和雕塑。他们使用多种材料，学习调色，用不同工具制造线条与纹理，并欣赏艺术家和设计师的作品来启发自己的创作。有些学校会引入速写本，艺术课常常与班级主题相呼应。
Music lessons focus on singing, playing tuned and untuned percussion, and responding to music through movement. Children learn about pitch, rhythm, pulse and dynamics at a basic level, and often perform in a class or whole-school assembly.
音乐课以唱歌、演奏有音高和无音高的打击乐器、随音乐做律动为主。孩子初步接触音高、节奏、节拍和力度，并经常在班级或全校集会上表演。
Dance and drama develop expression and confidence. Pupils create simple movement sequences, copy and vary actions, and use role play, mime and hot-seating to explore stories and characters. These activities also strengthen speaking and listening skills.
舞蹈和戏剧培养表现力与自信。学生创编简单的动作组合，模仿并变化动作，并通过角色扮演、哑剧和"角色提问"来探索故事与人物。这些活动同时也强化了听说能力。
8. PE: Games, Gymnastics, Ball Skills and Skipping | 体育：游戏、体操、球类与跳绳
Physical Education at Key Stage 1 aims to build fundamental movement skills. Children master basic movements including running, jumping, throwing and catching, and develop balance, agility and co-ordination. Lessons usually include warm-up games, skill practice and a small-sided game or routine.
Key Stage 1 的体育目标是建立基本动作技能。孩子掌握跑、跳、投、接等基本动作，发展平衡、灵敏和协调能力。课程通常包括热身游戏、技能练习，以及小规模对抗游戏或成套动作。
Typical units across the year include games with bats and balls, gymnastics with balances and rolls, dance linked to a topic or piece of music, and athletics-style running and jumping. Skipping is a favourite Year 1 activity and helps rhythm, stamina and co-ordination.
一年中常见的单元包括球拍与球类游戏、包含平衡与滚翻的体操、结合主题或音乐的舞蹈，以及跑跳类的田径活动。跳绳是 Year 1 很受欢迎的项目，有助于节奏感、耐力和协调性。
PE also teaches teamwork, turn-taking and safe behaviour in a space shared with others. Many schools offer extra swimming later, in Key Stage 2, so Year 1 is about confidence on land rather than in water.
体育课还教团队合作、轮流等待，以及在共享空间中的安全行为。许多学校的游泳课安排在后面的 Key Stage 2，所以 Year 1 的重点是在陆地上建立身体自信，而不是下水。
9. Computing and Information Technology | 计算机与信息技术
Computing in Year 1 is about understanding what algorithms are and using simple programs. Children give and follow precise instructions, debug a sequence that goes wrong, and use floor robots or block-based apps such as ScratchJr to make something move, beep or change colour.
Year 1 的计算机课重点是理解什么是算法，并使用简单程序。孩子给出并遵循精确指令，找出并修正出错的操作序列，并用地面机器人或 ScratchJr 这类图形化编程应用，让角色移动、发声或变色。
They also learn to use technology purposefully: logging on, opening and saving a file, typing words, taking a photo, and creating simple digital art or text. Online safety is introduced early, covering keeping personal information private, telling an adult about anything upsetting, and being kind online.
他们还学习有目的地使用技术：登录、打开和保存文件、打字、拍照，以及创作简单的数字绘画或文字作品。网络安全教育从低年级就开始，包括保护个人信息、遇到不舒服的内容要告诉大人，以及在网上友善待人。
10. Speaking, Listening and Social Skills | 语言表达与社会交往
Beyond subjects, Year 1 develops the wider skills children need at school: expressing ideas clearly, listening to others, asking for help, following instructions and working in a group. Teachers model vocabulary and sentence stems so that pupils can explain their reasoning in maths and science as well as in English.
除了学科知识，Year 1 还培养孩子在学校需要的综合能力：清楚表达想法、倾听他人、主动求助、听从指令和小组合作。老师会示范词汇和句型支架，让学生不仅能用英语，也能用数学和科学的语言解释自己的推理。
PSHE lessons cover feelings and self-regulation, friendship, fairness, respect, healthy eating, hygiene and staying safe, including road safety and rules about strangers. Circle time and class assemblies give children regular chances to speak in front of others.
PSHE 课程涵盖情绪与自我调节、友谊、公平、尊重、健康饮食、个人卫生和安全（包括交通安全和陌生人相关规则）。圆圈时间和班级集会让孩子经常有机会在他人面前发言。
Independence grows quickly in this year: managing a coat and shoes, looking after a water bottle, tidying up, and taking responsibility for a class job. These routines matter as much as academic progress in the first year of Key Stage 1.
这一年孩子的独立性提升很快：自己穿脱外套和鞋子、照看水壶、收拾物品、承担班级小任务。在关键阶段1的第一年，这些日常习惯和学业进步同样重要。
11. Assessment and How Parents Can Help | 评估与家长如何配合
Year 1 assessment is mostly informal. Teachers observe children daily and record progress against the National Curriculum, reporting to parents in writing and at parents' evenings. The one statutory check in England is the Phonics Screening Check in June; KS1 SATs are no longer compulsory, though some schools still use optional tests in Year 2 to inform teacher assessment.
Year 1 的评估以非正式为主。老师每天观察孩子，对照国家课程记录进步情况，并通过书面报告和家长会向家长反馈。英格兰唯一法定的检查是 6 月的自然拼读筛查；KS1 的 SATs 已不再强制，但部分学校仍会在 Year 2 使用可选测试，作为教师评估的参考。
| Assessment 评估 | When 时间 | Status 性质 |
| Phonics Screening Check 自然拼读筛查 | Year 1, June 每年 6 月 | Statutory 法定 |
| Teacher assessment 教师评估 | Continuous 持续进行 | Statutory 法定 |
| Optional KS1 tests 可选 KS1 测试 | Year 2 二年级 | Optional 非强制 |
Homework in Year 1 is usually light: a reading book, phonics or spelling practice, and occasionally a maths task. Ten to fifteen minutes of daily reading with an adult is the single most valuable thing a family can do. Counting stairs, weighing ingredients, playing board games and talking about the day all build the same skills.
Year 1 的作业通常很轻：一本阅读书、自然拼读或拼写练习，偶尔有一项数学任务。每天和大人一起读 10-15 分钟，是家庭能做得最有价值的一件事。数楼梯、称食材、玩桌游、聊聊今天发生了什么，培养的其实是同一批能力。
Finally, keep the pressure low. At this age, progress is uneven and play is still essential. If you have concerns about reading, speech or motor skills, speak to the class teacher early; support in Year 1 is often simple, quick and highly effective.
最后，请保持低压力的心态。这个年龄的孩子进步节奏并不平均，玩耍仍然必不可少。如果你对孩子的阅读、语言表达或动作发展有担心，尽早和班主任沟通——Year 1 的支持通常简单、快速，而且非常有效。
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