📚 IGCSE CCEA Chemistry Quick Revision Mind Map | IGCSE CCEA 化学：思维导图速记
This mind map-based revision guide breaks down the entire IGCSE CCEA Chemistry syllabus into clear, interconnected topics. Each section presents key facts, equations, and trends in a bite-sized format, perfect for last-minute review and long-term retention. Use this resource to visualise links between concepts and strengthen your understanding.
本篇以思维导图式速记，将 IGCSE CCEA 化学大纲分解为清晰、互相关联的主题。每个小节以要点形式呈现核心事实、方程式和规律，适合考前冲刺和长期记忆。借助此资源将概念间的联系可视化，加深理解。
1. Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
All atoms contain a nucleus of protons and neutrons, with electrons arranged in shells.
所有原子都有一个由质子和中子组成的原子核，电子分层排布。
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons; mass number (A) = protons + neutrons.
原子序数(Z) = 质子数；质量数(A) = 质子数 + 中子数。
Electrons fill shells: first shell max 2, second 8, third 8 (for first 20 elements).
电子排布：第一层最多 2 个，第二层 8 个，第三层 8 个（前20号元素）。
The Periodic Table arranges elements by increasing atomic number. Groups are vertical columns; periods are horizontal rows.
元素周期表按原子序数递增排列。族是纵列，周期是横行。
Group number equals the number of outer-shell electrons (for Groups 1-2 and 13-18).
族数等于最外层电子数（对第 1-2 族和 13-18 族）。
Metals are on the left, non-metals on the right; noble gases (Group 0/18) are unreactive.
金属在左侧，非金属在右侧；稀有气体（0族/18族）不活泼。
Trends down a group: atomic radius increases, reactivity changes (more reactive for Group 1, less for Group 7).
同族从上到下：原子半径增大，反应活性变化（第1族增强，第7族减弱）。
2. Chemical Bonding & Structure | 化学键与结构
Ionic bonding involves transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal, forming oppositely charged ions held in a giant lattice.
离子键涉及电子从金属转移到非金属，形成带相反电荷的离子，构成巨大离子晶格。
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances have low melting points.
共价键是非金属原子间共用电子对。简单分子物质熔点低。
Giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, SiO₂) have very high melting points due to strong covalent bonds throughout.
巨型共价结构（如金刚石、二氧化硅）因遍布的强共价键而熔点很高。
Metallic bonding consists of positive metal ions in a 'sea' of delocalised electrons, enabling conductivity and malleability.
金属键由金属阳离子和离域电子“海洋”组成，因而能导电并具有延展性。
Alloys are mixtures of metals with other elements; they are harder than pure metals because the different sizes of atoms disrupt layers.
合金是金属与其他元素的混合物；由于不同大小的原子打乱了层状结构，合金比纯金属更硬。
3. Writing Formulae & Equations | 化学式与方程式的书写
on charges to write correct formulas: for example, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ → NaCl; Mg²⁺ and O²⁻ → MgO.
利用离子电荷书写正确的化学式：例如 Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻ → NaCl；Mg²⁺ 和 O²⁻ → MgO。
For covalent compounds, prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-) indicate atom numbers: CO₂, N₂O₄.
对共价化合物，数字前缀（单、二、三）表示原子数：CO₂、N₂O₄。
To balance an equation, place coefficients before formulas to equalise atoms on both sides.
配平方程式时，在化学式前加系数使两边各类原子数相等。
State symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous solution.
状态符号：(s)固、(l)液、(g)气、(aq)水溶液。
Ionic equations show only the reacting species; spectator ions are omitted.
离子方程式只显示实际参加反应的微粒，省略旁观离子。
Example: Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) → AgCl(s)
例如：Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) → AgCl(s)
4. The Mole & Quantitative Chemistry | 摩尔与定量化学
ole is the unit for amount of substance; one mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's constant).
摩尔是物质的量的单位；1 摩尔含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。
Molar mass (Mᵣ) in g/mol is numerically equal to the relative atomic or formula mass.
摩尔质量 (Mᵣ) 以 g/mol 为单位，数值等于相对原子质量或相对式量。
moles = mass ÷ molar mass
摩尔 = 质量 ÷ 摩尔质量
At room temperature and pressure (RTP), one mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³. Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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