📚 What Do Children Learn in Year 1 in the UK? | 英国一年级学什么
Year 1 is the first year of Key Stage 1 in England's state primary schools, and for most children it is the point at which formal, curriculum-based learning really begins. This guide walks through the subjects, skills and expectations of Year 1, from phonics and number bonds to science, art, PE, computing and personal development.
一年级（Year 1）是英格兰公立小学 Key Stage 1 阶段的第一年，对大多数孩子来说，这是真正开始系统化课程学习的起点。本文将逐项梳理英国一年级的主要学科、技能与教学期望，涵盖自然拼读、数学、科学、艺术、体育、计算机以及个人与社会能力发展等内容。
1. Where Year 1 Sits in the UK School System | 英国学制中的一年级
In England, a child normally enters Reception (the final year of the Early Years Foundation Stage) in the September after their fourth birthday, and moves into Year 1 in the September after their fifth birthday. Year 1 therefore usually covers ages 5 to 6, and it is the first year of Key Stage 1 (KS1), which runs across Year 1 and Year 2 for children aged 5 to 7. Admission is determined by the child's age on 31 August, so a class will always contain a spread of birthdays.
在英格兰，孩子通常在满四岁后的九月进入 Reception（早期基础教育阶段的最后一年），在满五岁后的九月升入 Year 1。因此一年级通常对应 5 至 6 岁的孩子，是 Key Stage 1（KS1）的第一年；KS1 涵盖 Year 1 和 Year 2，共 5 至 7 岁两个年级。入学资格以 8 月 31 日的年龄为准，所以同一个班里孩子的生日跨度会比较大，4 至 5 岁这一说法通常指的是与之衔接的 Reception 阶段。
- Reception (ages 4-5): play-based learning guided by the Early Years Foundation Stage framework.
中文：Reception（4 至 5 岁）：以游戏为主，遵循早期基础教育阶段框架。 - Year 1 (ages 5-6): the first year of the National Curriculum at Key Stage 1.
中文：Year 1（5 至 6 岁）：Key Stage 1 国家课程的第一年。 - Year 2 (ages 6-7): the second KS1 year, ending with teacher assessment.
中文：Year 2（6 至 7 岁）：KS1 的第二年，学年末由教师做总结性评估。 - Year 3 (ages 7-8): the start of Key Stage 2, where subjects become more formal.
中文：Year 3（7 至 8 岁）：进入 Key Stage 2，各学科教学更加正式。
2. The National Curriculum and How Year 1 Is Assessed | 国家课程与一年级的评估方式
Year 1 teaching is built on the National Curriculum for England, which sets out the programmes of study for each subject. Core subjects are English, mathematics and science; foundation subjects include art and design, computing, design and technology, geography, history, music and physical education. In addition, all schools must teach religious education, and most teach personal, social, health and economic education (PSHE).
一年级教学以英格兰国家课程为依据，国家课程规定了每个学科的学习纲要。核心学科为英语、数学和科学；基础学科包括美术与设计、计算机、设计与技术、地理、历史、音乐和体育。此外，所有学校都必须开设宗教教育，大多数学校还会开设个人、社会、健康与经济教育（PSHE）。
Assessment in Year 1 is deliberately low-key. The main statutory check is the phonics screening check, taken in June, in which children read 40 words (20 real and 20 pseudo-words) to confirm their decoding skills. Since the 2023/24 academic year, the end-of-KS1 SATs are no longer statutory in England, so schools rely on ongoing teacher assessment instead of formal written tests.
一年级的评估方式刻意保持"低压力"。最主要的法定检测是每年 6 月进行的自然拼读筛查（phonics screening check），孩子需要朗读 40 个单词（20 个真词、20 个假词），以确认其拼读解码能力。自 2023/24 学年起，KS1 期末的 SATs 考试在英格兰不再具有法定强制性，学校转而依靠教师的持续性评估，而不是正式的笔试。
- Phonics screening check: June of Year 1; children who do not meet the standard retake it in Year 2.
中文：自然拼读筛查：一年级 6 月进行；未达标的孩子会在 Year 2 重考。 - Teacher assessment: continuous observation against curriculum objectives.
中文：教师评估：对照课程目标进行持续观察与记录。 - Reading and writing moderation: schools internally moderate pupils' work.
中文：读写作品审核：学校内部对学生的读写成果进行统一校准。 - No formal exams: Year 1 pupils sit no national written tests.
中文：没有正式考试：一年级学生不参加全国性笔试。
3. English: Phonics, Decoding and Early Spelling | 英语：自然拼读、解码与早期拼写
Phonics dominates Year 1 English. Children revise the sounds taught in Reception and move through the later phases of a systematic synthetic phonics programme, learning that a single sound can be written in several ways and that the same letter pattern can represent different sounds. They meet digraphs such as sh, ch, th and ai, trigraphs such as igh and ear, and split digraphs such as a-e in cake and i-e in bike.
自然拼读（phonics）是一年级英语的重心。孩子会复习 Reception 阶段学过的音，并进入系统综合拼读课程的后续阶段，理解同一个音可以有多种拼写方式、同一组字母也可能代表不同的音。他们会接触到 sh、ch、th、ai 这样的双字母音（digraph），igh、ear 这样的三字母音（trigraph），以及 cake 中的 a-e、bike 中的 i-e 这类分离字母组合（split digraph）。
Alongside decoding, children learn to spell common exception words, sometimes called tricky words, whose spellings do not follow the rules they have been taught. Typical examples include the, said, were, one, come, there, little and because. Accurate spelling of these words is expected by the end of the year.
在解码之外，孩子还要学习拼写常见例外词（common exception words），也叫 tricky words，这些词的拼写不符合已学的规则。常见例子包括 the、said、were、one、come、there、little、because。到学年末，孩子应能正确拼写这类单词。
- Blending to read: sounding out c-a-t and blending the sounds into a word.
中文：拼合朗读：把 c-a-t 逐个发音再合成一个词。 - Segmenting to spell: breaking a spoken word into its individual sounds.
中文：拆分拼写：把听到的单词拆成一个个音素再写出来。 - Alternative spellings: recognising that /ai/ can be written ai, ay, a-e or a.
中文：多种拼写：明白 /ai/ 这个音可以写成 ai、ay、a-e 或 a。 - Common exception words: learning high-frequency words that break the rules.
中文：常见例外词：学习不符合规则的高频词。
4. English: Reading, Writing, Handwriting and Talk | 英语：阅读、写作、书写与口语表达
Once decoding is secure, comprehension becomes the focus. Year 1 children listen to and read stories, poems and non-fiction, retell familiar tales, predict what might happen next, and answer simple questions about characters and events. Many schools use book bands or coloured reading levels to match texts to ability, and children typically bring home a reading book each day to share with an adult.
当解码能力稳固之后，理解就变成重点。一年级的孩子会听和读故事、诗歌与非虚构类读物，复述熟悉的故事，预测接下来可能发生什么，并回答关于人物和情节的简单问题。许多学校用书带（book bands）或彩色阅读分级来匹配孩子的阅读水平，孩子通常每天会带一本阅读书回家与家长共读。
Writing develops from labels and short captions to simple sentences and then to short sequences of sentences. Children learn to use capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks, and to join ideas with the conjunction and. Handwriting is taught explicitly: many schools begin with pre-cursive letter formation and move towards joined writing, with attention to correct pencil grip and letter size.
写作从贴标签、写短说明，逐步发展到写简单句，再到写几句连贯的话。孩子要学会使用大写字母、句号、问号和感叹号，并用连接词 and 把想法连起来。书写会被专门教授：许多学校从预备连笔的字母起笔方式开始，逐步过渡到连笔书写，同时强调正确的握笔姿势和字母大小。
Speaking and listening is a strand in its own right. Children take turns in discussion, answer why and how questions, perform rhymes and poems aloud, and explain their ideas to a partner or the class.
听说能力本身就是一个独立的学习板块。孩子要在讨论中轮流发言，回答 why 和 how 类问题，大声表演儿歌和诗歌，并向同伴或全班解释自己的想法。
- Reading: decoding, fluency, retelling and simple inference.
中文：阅读：解码、流利度、复述与简单推断。 - Writing: sentences with capital letters and full stops; simple narratives.
中文：写作：能写含大写字母和句号的句子；能写简单叙述文。 - Handwriting: correct formation, orientation and spacing.
中文：书写：字母书写规范、方向正确、词间留空。 - Spoken language: clear speech, turn-taking and performing rhymes.
中文：口语：吐字清楚、轮流发言、表演儿歌。
5. Mathematics: Counting, Place Value and the Four Operations | 数学：计数、位值与四则运算
Year 1 mathematics starts with number. Children count forwards and backwards from any number up to and beyond 100, count in multiples of 2, 5 and 10, and read and write numbers in numerals and words. They learn that a two-digit number is made of tens and ones, using practical equipment such as ten frames, number lines and base-ten blocks.
一年级数学从"数"开始。孩子能从任意数开始顺数和倒数到 100 以上，会按 2、5、10 的倍数跳数，并能用数字和英文单词读写数。他们要理解两位数由"几个十和几个一"组成，常借助十格框、数轴和十进制积木等教具。
Number bonds are central: children should know by heart all the pairs that make 10, and use them to derive pairs that make 20. They add and subtract one-digit and two-digit numbers within 20, solve missing-number problems, and recognise the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction. They also find halves and quarters of objects, shapes and small quantities.
数的分解组合（number bonds）是核心：孩子应熟记所有和为 10 的数对，并据此推导和为 20 的数对。他们能做 20 以内的一位数与两位数加减法，解缺失数字的题目，并理解加法与减法之间的逆运算关系。此外，他们还能求物体、图形和少量数量的 ½ 和 ¼。
12 − 5 = 7 10 = 6 + 4 ½ of 8 = 4 ¼ of 12 = 3
- Place value: knowing that in 34 the 3 means 30 and the 4 means 4.
中文：位值：知道 34 中的 3 表示 30，4 表示 4。 - Number bonds: fluent recall of all pairs totalling 10 and 20.
中文：数的组合：熟练回忆和为 10 与 20 的所有数对。 - Addition and subtraction: within 20, including missing-number problems.
中文：加减法：20 以内，包括求缺失数字的题目。 - Fractions: recognising and finding ½ and ¼ of shapes and quantities.
中文：分数：认识并求出图形与数量的 ½ 和 ¼。
6. Mathematics: Shapes, Measures and Problem Solving | 数学：图形、测量与解决问题
Geometry in Year 1 focuses on recognition and description rather than calculation. Children name and sort common 2D shapes such as circles, triangles, rectangles and squares, and 3D shapes such as cubes, cuboids, spheres, cylinders and pyramids, talking about sides, corners, faces and edges. They also describe position and direction using words such as above, below, left, right, forwards and backwards, and make whole, half, quarter and three-quarter turns.
一年级的几何侧重辨认与描述，而不是计算。孩子能说出并分类常见的二维图形，如圆形、三角形、长方形、正方形，以及三维立体，如正方体、长方体、球体、圆柱体和锥体，并用边、角、面来描述它们。他们还会用 above、below、left、right、forwards、backwards 等词描述位置和方向，并完成整圈、半圈、四分之一圈和四分之三圈的转向。
Measures are taught practically. Children compare and measure length and height, mass and weight, capacity and volume, and time, using both non-standard units such as cubes and standard units such as centimetres and metres. They tell the time to the hour and half hour, sequence events in the day, and recognise coins and notes, adding small amounts of money.
测量部分强调动手操作。孩子会比较和测量长度与高度、质量与重量、容积与体积以及时间，既用积木等非标准单位，也用厘米、米等标准单位。他们能读出整点和半点时间，给一天中的事件排序，识别硬币和纸币，并做小额钱币的加法。
1 hour = 60 minutes 1 m = 100 cm £1 = 100p 1 kg = 1000 g
- 2D and 3D shapes: naming, sorting and describing properties.
中文：二维与三维图形：命名、分类并描述特征。 - Position and direction: left, right, whole and half turns.
中文：位置与方向：左右、整圈与半圈转向。 - Measures: length, mass, capacity and time in practical contexts.
中文：测量：在真实情境中测量长度、质量、容积和时间。 - Money: recognising coins and combining amounts.
中文：钱币：认识硬币并做金额合并。
7. Science: Seasonal Change, Plants and Animals | 科学：季节变化、植物与动物
Year 1 science is built around the child's immediate world. The statutory topics are seasonal changes, plants, animals including humans, and everyday materials. Children observe and describe how the weather and the natural world change across autumn, winter, spring and summer, and how day length varies through the year.
一年级科学围绕孩子身边的世界展开。法定主题包括季节变化、植物、动物（含人类）以及日常材料。孩子要观察并描述天气和自然世界在秋、冬、春、夏中的变化，以及一年中白昼长短的变化。
In the plants topic, children identify common wild and garden plants, including deciduous and evergreen trees, and name the basic parts of a plant: flower, leaf, stem, root and trunk. In the animals topic, they group animals by what they eat and by their features, learn the names of common fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and label basic parts of the human body and the five senses.
在植物主题中，孩子要辨认常见的野生植物和园艺植物，包括落叶树和常绿树，并能说出植物的基本部位：花、叶、茎、根、树干。在动物主题中，他们会按照食性和特征给动物分类，学习常见鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类和哺乳类的名称，并标注人体的基本部位和五种感官。
In the materials topic, children distinguish between an object and the material it is made from, describe properties such as hard, soft, shiny, stretchy, waterproof and absorbent, and carry out simple comparative tests, for example which material is best for an umbrella.
在材料主题中，孩子要区分"物体"和"构成它的材料"，描述硬、软、有光泽、有弹性、防水、吸水等性质，并做简单的对比实验，例如哪种材料最适合做雨伞。
- Working scientifically: observing, asking questions, performing simple tests and recording results.
中文：科学探究：观察、提问、做简单实验并记录结果。 - Seasonal changes: weather, day length and signs of the seasons.
中文：季节变化：天气、白昼长短和季节特征。 - Plants: common plants, trees and basic plant parts.
中文：植物：常见植物、树木与植物基本结构。 - Animals including humans: grouping animals, body parts and the five senses.
中文：动物与人类：动物分类、身体部位与五种感官。 - Everyday materials: naming materials and describing their properties.
中文：日常材料：说出材料名称并描述其性质。
8. Art and Design, Music, Dance and Drama | 美术与设计、音乐、舞蹈与戏剧
Creative subjects are not optional extras in Year 1; they are part of the curriculum and are usually taught weekly. In art and design, children use drawing, painting, sculpture and collage to develop ideas, learn about line, shape, colour, pattern and texture, and look at the work of artists and designers, including craft makers from different cultures.
在一年级，创意类学科不是可有可无的附加内容，而是课程的正式组成部分，通常每周都有课时。在美术与设计课上，孩子通过绘画、上色、雕塑和拼贴表达想法，学习线条、形状、色彩、图案和质感，并欣赏艺术家与设计师的作品，其中包括不同文化背景的手工艺人。
Music lessons focus on singing, playing tuned and untuned percussion, listening and responding, and beginning to use simple musical vocabulary such as pulse, rhythm, pitch and dynamics. Children learn songs by heart, perform to an audience and experiment with sounds.
音乐课侧重于唱歌、演奏有音高和无音高的打击乐器、聆听与回应，并开始使用节奏脉动、节奏型、音高、力度等简单音乐词汇。孩子要背唱歌曲，向观众表演，并尝试不同的声音。
Dance and drama are often delivered through PE or as part of topic work. Children improvise movements in response to music and stories, work in small groups, adopt roles, and perform simple scenes. These activities build confidence, cooperation and expressive language.
舞蹈和戏剧通常通过体育课或主题课程来实施。孩子随着音乐和故事即兴创编动作，进行小组合作，扮演角色，并表演简单的情景剧。这些活动有助于培养自信、合作能力和表达性语言。
- Art and design: drawing, painting, collage, sculpture and artist study.
中文：美术与设计：绘画、上色、拼贴、雕塑与艺术家赏析。 - Music: singing, percussion, listening and basic musical vocabulary.
中文：音乐：唱歌、打击乐、聆听与基本音乐词汇。 - Dance: improvised and structured movement in response to music.
中文：舞蹈：随音乐进行即兴与结构化动作表现。 - Drama: role play, group performance and storytelling.
中文：戏剧：角色扮演、小组表演与讲故事。
9. Physical Education: Movement, Games and Gymnastics | 体育：动作、游戏与体操
Year 1 PE develops fundamental movement skills that underpin all later sport. Children practise running, jumping, throwing, catching, kicking and balancing, first individually and then in small games. They learn to move safely in a space, change direction and speed, and follow simple rules.
一年级体育的重点是打好基本动作技能的基础，这些技能是日后所有运动项目的根基。孩子练习跑、跳、投、接、踢和平衡，先单独练习，再进入小型游戏。他们要学会在场地中安全移动、改变方向和速度，并遵守简单规则。
Gymnastics lessons introduce travelling, balancing and rolling on mats, with an emphasis on control and body tension. Dance is often included in the PE curriculum as well. Many schools also offer ball skills, skipping, athletics in the summer term, and swimming later in KS2.
体操课会教授垫上的移动、平衡和翻滚，强调身体控制与张力。舞蹈通常也被纳入体育课程。许多学校还会安排球类技能、跳绳、夏季学期的田径活动，游泳则在 KS2 阶段开展。
Beyond the physical benefits, PE supports social development: taking turns, winning and losing gracefully, encouraging teammates and understanding why exercise and healthy eating matter.
除了身体素质的提升，体育还促进社会性发展：轮流参与、体面地面对输赢、鼓励队友，以及理解运动与健康饮食为什么重要。
- Fundamental movement: running, jumping, throwing, catching and balancing.
中文：基本动作：跑、跳、投、接与平衡。 - Games: simple invasion, net and target games with basic rules.
中文：游戏：带简单规则的攻防、隔网与投准类游戏。 - Gymnastics: travelling, balancing and rolling with control.
中文：体操：有控制地移动、平衡与翻滚。 - Healthy lifestyle: why activity, rest and good food keep us well.
中文：健康生活方式：为什么运动、休息和良好饮食有益健康。
10. Computing and Information Technology | 计算机与信息技术
Computing in Year 1 is about understanding technology rather than typing quickly. Children learn to log on and off, use a mouse or trackpad, open and save a file, and use simple programs to create pictures, text or short animations. They talk about how technology is used at home, at school and in the wider world.
一年级的计算机课重点在于理解技术，而不是快速打字。孩子要学会登录和退出、使用鼠标或触控板、打开与保存文件，并用简单程序创作图画、文字或短动画。他们会讨论技术在家庭、学校和更广阔世界中的用途。
Online safety is introduced early and revisited often, in language young children understand: keeping personal information private, telling a trusted adult if something feels wrong, and being kind to others online. Many schools also run a separate digital literacy lesson or embed computing across other subjects.
网络安全教育会较早引入并反复强化，用幼儿能理解的语言来讲：不随意透露个人信息、遇到不舒服的事要告诉可信赖的大人、在网上对他人友善。许多学校还会单独开设数字素养课，或把计算机内容融入其他学科。
- Using devices: logging in, saving work and using age-appropriate apps.
中文：使用设备：登录、保存作品并使用适合年龄的应用。 - Creating content: drawing, writing and simple animation or coding tools.
中文：创作内容：绘画、写作以及简单的动画或编程工具。 - Online safety: privacy, trusted adults and respectful behaviour.
中文：网络安全：隐私、可信赖的大人和尊重他人的行为。
11. Languages, Social Skills and Personal Development | 语言、社交技能与个人发展
Learning a foreign language is a statutory requirement at Key Stage 2, not Key Stage 1, so many Year 1 classes introduce greetings, songs and cultural topics informally rather than as a formal language course. Where a language is taught, it is typically French, Spanish or Mandarin, delivered through games, rhymes and routines.
外语学习是国家课程在 Key Stage 2（而非 Key Stage 1）的法定要求，因此许多一年级班级只是非正式地接触问候语、歌曲和文化话题，而不是开设正式语言课。如果确实教授语言，通常是法语、西班牙语或中文（普通话），通过游戏、儿歌和日常常规来呈现。
Personal, social and health education (PSHE) runs through the whole week. Children learn about feelings and how to name them, about fairness and rules, about keeping safe, and about families and friendships. They are encouraged to solve small disagreements with words, to share, and to reflect on their own behaviour.
个人、社会与健康教育（PSHE）贯穿整个一周。孩子会认识情绪并学会给情绪命名，讨论公平与规则、如何保持安全，以及家庭与友谊。他们被鼓励用语言解决小冲突、学会分享，并反思自己的行为。
Many schools also teach religious education, which in Year 1 often means exploring festivals, celebrations and stories from a range of traditions, building respect for beliefs different from the child's own.
许多学校还会开设宗教教育，一年级通常从探索不同传统的节日、庆典和故事入手，培养孩子对不同于自身信仰的尊重。
- Feelings and self-regulation: naming emotions and calming strategies.
中文：情绪与自我调节：给情绪命名并学习平静下来的方法。 - Relationships: sharing, listening, apologising and cooperating.
中文：人际关系：分享、倾听、道歉与合作。 - Safety: road safety, stranger awareness and asking for help.
中文：安全：交通安全、不轻信陌生人以及如何求助。 - Cultural awareness: festivals and traditions from different beliefs.
中文：文化意识：不同信仰的节日与传统。
12. How Parents Can Support Year 1 Learning | 家长如何支持一年级学习
The single most effective thing parents can do in Year 1 is to hear their child read for ten minutes a day. Short, frequent sessions beat long, occasional ones. Ask questions about the pictures and the story, praise effort rather than speed,
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