📚 IB & WJEC Biology: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | IB 与 WJEC 生物学期末复习提纲
This revision checklist covers the core topics assessed in both IB Biology (SL/HL) and WJEC A Level Biology. Use it to structure your end-of-term review, ensuring you can explain key concepts, apply knowledge to unfamiliar contexts, and analyse experimental data. Each section pairs essential English points with Chinese translations to support bilingual learners.
本复习提纲涵盖了 IB 生物（SL/HL）和 WJEC A Level 生物共同考查的核心主题。用它来规划你的期末复习，确保你能够解释关键概念、将知识应用于新情境并分析实验数据。每个要点均以英文和中文配对呈现，便于双语学习。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes lack these, have 70S ribosomes and a naked DNA loop.
依据细胞核和膜结合细胞器的有无区分原核细胞与真核细胞；原核细胞无核膜，具 70S 核糖体和裸露 DNA 环。
Describe the structure and function of key organelles: nucleus (stores DNA), rough ER (protein synthesis), smooth ER (lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (modifies and packages proteins), mitochondria (aerobic respiration), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), lysosomes (digestion) and vacuoles (storage).
描述主要细胞器的结构与功能：细胞核（储存 DNA）、粗面内质网（蛋白质合成）、光面内质网（脂质合成）、高尔基体（修饰和包装蛋白质）、线粒体（有氧呼吸）、叶绿体（光合作用）、溶酶体（消化）和液泡（储存）。
ng the formula: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size, and correctly convert units (mm, µm, nm).
使用公式：放大倍数 = 图像尺寸 ÷ 实际尺寸，并正确换算单位（毫米、微米、纳米）。
2. Biological Molecules | 生物大分子
Carbohydrates are made of C, H, O; monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) form disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose) through condensation reactions, broken down by hydrolysis.
碳水化合物由 C、H、O 组成；单糖（如葡萄糖）通过缩合反应形成二糖（如蔗糖）和多糖（淀粉、糖原、纤维素），水解使其分解。
Lipids are non-polar molecules composed of glycerol and three fatty acids (triglycerides); phospholipids have a phosphate head, forming bilayers in membranes.
脂质是非极性分子，由甘油和三个脂肪酸（甘油三酯）构成；磷脂具有磷酸头部，在膜中形成双层。
Proteins are polymers of amino acids; structure levels: primary (sequence), secondary (α-helix, β-pleated sheet), tertiary (3D folding) and quaternary (multiple polypeptides). Denaturation disrupts shape and function.
蛋白质是氨基酸的聚合物；结构层次：一级（序列）、二级（α-螺旋、β-折叠）、三级（三维折叠）和四级（多条肽链）。变性会破坏其形状和功能。
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA: nucleotides consist of a pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base; ATP is a nucleotide derivative used as an immediate energy source.
核酸 DNA 和 RNA：核苷酸由戊糖、磷酸基团和含氮碱基组成；ATP 是核苷酸衍生物，作为直接能源物质。
3. Enzymes and Metabolism | 酶与代谢
Enzymes are globular proteins that function as biological catalysts, lowering activation energy via the induced-fit model; the active site is specific to a substrate.
酶是具有催化功能的球状蛋白质，通过诱导契合模型降低活化能；活性位点对底物具有专一性。
Factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature (optimum, then denaturation), pH (optimum dependent on location, e.g. pepsin in stomach) and substrate concentration (saturation at Vmax).
影响酶活性的因素包括温度（最适温度，随后变性）、pH（最适值取决于位置，如胃蛋白酶在胃中）和底物浓度（达到最大速率 Vmax 时饱和）。
Compare competitive inhibitors (bind to active site, can be overcome by more substrate) and non-competitive inhibitors (bind elsewhere, change shape of active site).
比较竞争性抑制剂（结合于活性位点，可通过增加底物克服）与非竞争性抑制剂（结合于其他部位，改变活性位点形状）。
4. Cell Membranes and Transport | 细胞膜与运输
The fluid mosaic model describes a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol (in animal cells) and glycoproteins; the membrane is selectively permeable.
流动镶嵌模型描述了磷脂双分子层以及嵌入其中的蛋白质、胆固醇（动物细胞）和糖蛋白；膜具有选择透过性。
Passive transport: simple diffusion (small, non-polar), facilitated diffusion through channel and carrier proteins (down concentration gradient, no ATP). Osmosis is the net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane.
被动运输：简单扩散（小分子、非极性）、借助通道蛋白和载体蛋白的协助扩散（顺浓度梯度，不消耗 ATP）。渗透是水通过半透膜的净移动。
Active transport uses ATP and carrier proteins to move substances against the concentration gradient; endocytosis and exocytosis transport large particles via vesicles.
主动运输利用 ATP 和载体蛋白逆浓度梯度转运物质；内吞作用和胞吐作用通过囊泡运输大颗粒物质。
5. DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation | DNA 复制、转录与翻译
DNA replication is semi-conservative, proven by Meselson and Stahl; helicase unwinds the double helix, DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, and ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
DNA 复制是半保留的，由 Meselson 和 Stahl 实验证明；解旋酶解开双螺旋，DNA 聚合酶沿 5' 至 3' 方向添加互补核苷酸，连接酶连接后随链上的冈崎片段。
Transcription: RNA polymerase synthesises a complementary mRNA strand from the template DNA strand; in eukaryotes, pre-mRNA is spliced to remove introns.
转录：RNA 聚合酶以 DNA 模板链为模板合成互补 mRNA 链；在真核生物中，前体 mRNA 经过剪接去除内含子。
Translation: mRNA codons pair with tRNA anticodons on ribosomes; amino acids join via peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached.
翻译：mRNA 密码子与 tRNA 反密码子在核糖体上配对；氨基酸通过肽键连接形成多肽链，直至遇到终止密码子。
6. Cell Division and Mitosis/Meiosis | 细胞分裂与有丝分裂/减数分裂
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair; stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT). Cytokinesis differs in animal (cleavage furrow) and plant cells (cell plate).
有丝分裂产生两个遗传相同的二倍体子细胞，用于生长和修复；阶段：前期、中期、后期、末期（PMAT）。动物细胞（分裂沟）和植物细胞（细胞板）的胞质分裂方式不同。
Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid gametes through two divisions; crossing over in prophase I and independent assortment in metaphase I generate variation.
减数分裂通过两次分裂产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子；前期 I 的交叉互换和中期 I 的独立分配产生变异。
Compare mitosis and meiosis in terms of purpose, number of divisions, chromosome number and genetic outcomes.
比较有丝分裂和减数分裂在目的、分裂次数、染色体数目和遗传结果上的差异。
7. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传学与遗传
Use Mendelian principles to predict outcomes of monohybrid crosses: genotype and phenotype ratios (3:1 for heterozygote cross). Codominance (e.g. ABO blood groups) and incomplete dominance show non-Mendelian patterns.
运用孟德尔原理预测单基因杂交结果：基因型和表型比（杂合子杂交为 3:1）。共显性（如 ABO 血型）和不完全显性呈现非孟德尔遗传模式。
Sex-linked traits (e.g. haemophilia, red-green colour blindness) are carried on the X chromosome; males are more frequently affected as they have only one allele.
伴性遗传特征（如血友病、红绿色盲）位于 X 染色体上；男性因只有一个等位基因而更易受影响。
Interpret pedigree charts to deduce inheritance patterns (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked); use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities.
解读系谱图推断遗传模式（常染色体显性、常染色体隐性、伴性遗传）；使用庞纳特方格计算概率。
8. Ecology and Energy Flow | 生态学与能量流动
Food chains and food webs show feeding relationships; energy flows from producers (autotrophs) to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, with most energy lost as heat at each trophic level.
食物链和食物网展示了取食关系；能量从生产者（自养生物）流向初级、次级和三级消费者，大部分能量在每一营养级以热的形式散失。
Pyramids of energy, biomass and numbers; a pyramid of energy is always upright, reflecting the 10% efficiency typical between trophic levels.
能量金字塔、生物量金字塔和数量金字塔；能量金字塔总是正立的，反映了营养级间通常约 10% 的传递效率。
Describe the carbon cycle: photosynthesis fixes CO₂ into organic compounds, respiration returns CO₂, decomposition releases carbon, and combustion/fossil fuels add CO₂ to the atmosphere.
描述碳循环：光合作用将 CO₂ 固定为有机物，呼吸作用释放 CO₂，分解作用释放碳，燃烧和化石燃料将 CO₂ 释放到大气中。
Outline the nitrogen cycle: nitrogen fixation (bacteria), nitrification, assimilation, ammonification and denitrification.
概述氮循环：固氮作用（细菌）、硝化作用、同化作用、氨化作用和反硝化作用。
9. Evolution and Natural Selection | 进化与自然选择
Darwin's theory of natural selection: overproduction, variation, competition, survival of the fittest and inheritance of advantageous traits lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations.
达尔文自然选择理论：过度繁殖、变异、竞争、适者生存和有利性状的遗传，导致世代间等位基因频率的改变。
Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated (geographical or reproductive barriers), leading to divergent evolution. Evidence includes fossil records, homologous structures and DNA comparisons.
当种群产生生殖隔离（地理或生殖障碍）时发生物种形成，导致趋异进化。证据包括化石记录、同源结构和 DNA 比较。
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution by natural selection: resistant individuals survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of resistance alleles.
细菌的抗生素耐药性是自然选择进化的实例：耐药个体存活并繁殖，增加了抗性等位基因的频率。
10. Human Physiology: Respiration and Circulation | 人体生理：呼吸与循环
Ventilation: inhalation involves diaphragm contraction and rib cage expansion (external intercostal muscles) to decrease pressure; exhalation is passive at rest, involving elastic recoil.
通气：吸气时膈肌收缩、肋骨扩张（外肋间肌）使胸腔压力降低；静息时呼气是被动的，依赖弹性回缩。
Gas exchange in alveoli: oxygen diffuses into blood down a partial pressure gradient, binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells; carbon dioxide diffuses out and is transported as hydrogencarbonate ions.
肺泡中的气体交换：氧气沿分压梯度扩散进入血液，与红细胞中的血红蛋白结合；二氧化碳扩散出血液，主要以碳酸氢根离子形式运输。
Circulatory system: the heart has four chambers, with the left ventricle thicker (pumping to the body); cardiac cycle steps: atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole.
循环系统：心脏有四腔，左心室壁更厚（将血液泵往全身）；心动周期步骤：心房收缩、心室收缩、舒张期。
Blood components: red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (defence), platelets (clotting) and plasma (transport of nutrients, hormones, waste).
血液成分：红细胞（运氧气）、白细胞（防御）、血小板（凝血）和血浆（运输营养、激素、废物）。
11. Plant Biology: Photosynthesis and Transpiration | 植物生物学：光合作用与蒸腾作用
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts; light-dependent reactions in thylakoid membranes produce ATP and reduced NADP, splitting water to release O₂; the Calvin cycle (stroma) fixes CO₂ to synthesise glucose using ATP and reduced NADP.
光合作用发生在叶绿体中；类囊体膜上的光反应产生 ATP 和还原型 NADP，分解水释放 O₂；卡尔文循环（基质）利用 ATP 和还原型 NADP 固定 CO₂ 合成葡萄糖。
Limiting factors: light intensity, CO₂ concentration and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis; identify the limiting factor by measuring oxygen production or carbon dioxide uptake.
限制因素：光照强度、CO₂ 浓度和温度影响光合作用速率；通过测量氧气产量或二氧化碳吸收量来识别限制因子。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour through stomata; water is pulled up xylem in a continuous column by cohesion-tension, and translocation of sugars in phloem occurs by mass flow from sources to sinks.
蒸腾作用是水蒸气通过气孔的散失；内聚力-张力机制使水在木质部形成连续水柱被拉上去，而韧皮部中的糖类通过压力流假说从源运输到库。
Monocot and dicot leaf structure: recognise palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles and stomatal guard cells.
单子叶与双子叶叶片结构：识别栅栏组织、海绵组织、维管束和气孔保卫细胞。
12. Experimental Skills and Data Analysis | 实验技能与数据分析
Identify independent (manipulated), dependent (measured) and controlled variables in an investigation; state a clear hypothesis and evaluate reliability, accuracy and precision.
识别考查中的自变量（操纵变量）、因变量（测量变量）和控制变量；提出清晰的假设，并评价数据的可靠性、准确度和精密度。
Calculate mean, standard deviation and range; use error bars on graphs to interpret significant differences; apply statistical tests such as the t-test and chi-squared test for appropriate data sets.
计算平均值、标准差和极差；使用图表上的误差条解释显著差异；对合适的数据集应用 t 检验和卡方检验等统计方法。
Use a light microscope to measure objects with a stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule; prepare temporary mounts, apply stains and draw biological diagrams with proper labels and scale.
使用光学显微镜配合镜台测微尺和目镜测微尺测量物体；制作临时装片，进行染色，并绘制带正确标签和比例尺的生物图。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图