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AQA Mathematics: Trigonometry Key Points Review | AQA 数学:三角函数 考点精讲

2026-07-14 09:43 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 AQA Mathematics: Trigonometry Key Points Review | AQA 数学:三角函数 考点精讲

Trigonometry is a core topic in AQA Mathematics, covering relationships between angles and sides in triangles, periodic functions, and various applications. This article summarises essential concepts, formulas, and problem-solving strategies to aid your revision.

三角函数是 AQA 数学的核心主题,涉及三角形中角与边的关系、周期函数及其各种应用。本文概述了必须掌握的重要概念、公式和解题技巧,以帮助您复习备考。


1. Trigonometric Ratios in Right-Angled Triangles | 直角三角形中的三角函数比

(cos θ = adjacent / hypotenuse), and tangent (tan θ = opposite / adjacent). These ratios are often memorised using SOH CAH TOA.

对于含锐角 θ 的直角三角形,三个基本三角函数比定义为:正弦(sin θ = 对边 / 斜边)、余弦(cos θ = 邻边 / 斜边)和正切(tan θ = 对边 / 邻边)。通常用 SOH CAH TOA 来帮助记忆。

j/hyp), θ = tan⁻¹(opp/adj). Ensure your calculator is in the correct mode (degrees or radians).

当给定直角三角形的两条边时,可以使用反三角函数求缺失的角:θ = sin⁻¹(对/斜)、θ = cos⁻¹(邻/斜)、θ = tan⁻¹(对/邻)。确保您的计算器处于正确的模式(角度制或弧度制)。


2. Exact Trigonometric Values | 精确三角函数值

For common angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°, you must know the exact values of sin, cos and tan without using a calculator. These are often derived from special triangles: the equilateral triangle (half gives 30° and 60°) and the right isosceles triangle (45°).

对于常见角度 0°、30°、45°、60° 和 90°,您必须能够不借助计算器写出 sin、cos 和 tan 的精确值。这些值通常由特殊三角形推导:等边三角形(一半可得到 30° 和 60°)和等腰直角三角形(45°)。

θ (degrees)sin θcos θtan θ
0°010
30°½√3/21/√3
45°1/√21/√21
60°√3/2½√3
90°10undefined

Learn these values thoroughly as they appear frequently in AQA exam questions, especially when solving equations without a calculator.

务必牢记这些值,因为它们在 AQA 试题中频繁出现,尤其是在不允许使用计算器解方程时。


3. The Unit Circle and Symmetry | 单位圆与对称性

The unit circle (radius 1 centred at the origin) provides a visual way to extend trig ratios to angles beyond 90°. For any angle θ measured anticlockwise from the positive x‑axis, the coordinates of the point on the circle are (cos θ, sin θ). Tan θ is the slope (sin θ / cos θ).

单位圆(以原点为圆心、半径为 1)为将三角函数比推广到大于 90° 的角提供了一种直观方法。对于从正 x 轴逆时针测量的任意角 θ,圆上点的坐标为 (cos θ, sin θ)。tan θ 为该点连线的斜率 (sin θ / cos θ)。

Symmetry properties allow you to find related angles: sin(180°–θ)=sin θ, cos(180°–θ)=– =tan θ, and the CAST diagram helps determine the sign of each ratio in the four quadrants.

利用对称性可以找到相关角:sin(180°–θ)=sin θ, cos(180°–θ)=–cos θ, tan(180°+θ)=tan θ,CAST 图可帮助判断各象限中每个比的符号。


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4. Graphs of sin, cos and tan | sin、cos 和 tan 的图像

shifted to start at (0,1). y = tan x has asymptotes at 90°, 270°, etc., with period 180°.

y = sin x 的图像是一条光滑的波浪线,周期为 360°(或 2π),振幅为 1,且过原点。y = cos x 也是波浪线,但从 (0,1) 开始。y = tan x 在 90°、270° 等处有渐近线,周期为 180°。

nima, intercepts), and understand the effect of transformations such as y = a sin(bx) + c.

您必须能够绘制这些图像,识别关键点(最大值、最小值、截距),并理解变换(如 y = a sin(bx) + c)对图像的影响。


5. Trigonometric Identities | 三角恒等式

The two most important identities for AQA are: sin² θ + cos² θ ≡ 1 and tan θ ≡ sin θ / cos θ. These identities are used to simplify expressions, prove other relationships, and solve equations.

AQA 数学中最常用的两个恒等式是:sin² θ + cos² θ ≡ 1 以及 tan θ ≡ sin θ / cos θ。它们用于化简表达式、证明其他关系和解方程。

Another useful identity derived from dividing the first by cos² θ is: 1 + tan² θ ≡ sec² θ, which may appear in further maths but is helpful to recognise. For core A-level, focus on the first two.

由第一个恒等式除以 cos² θ 可得到另一个有用的恒等式:1 + tan² θ ≡ sec² θ,这可能会出现在进阶数学中,但对核心 A-level 考试有帮助。重点关注前两个。


6. Solving Trigonometric Equations | 解三角方程

lator (x = 30° or π/6). Use symmetry and periodicity to find all solutions in the given interval: x = 30°, 150°.

要解类似 2 sin x = 1 在 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° 范围内的方程,首先分离三角函数(sin x = ½),然后利用精确值或计算器求出主值(x = 30° 或 π/6)。再利用对称性和周期性求出给定区间内的所有解:x = 30°, 150°。

For quadratic forms like 2 cos² x – cos x – torise, and then solve each factor separately. Always check the domain and reject extraneous solutions.

对于如 2 cos² x – cos x – 1 = 0 的二次型方程,将其视为关于 cos x 的二次方程,因式分解,然后分别求解。始终核对定义域并舍去增根。


7. Sine Rule | 正弦定理

/ sin C, where sides a, b, c are opposite angles A, B, C respectively. It is used for non‑right‑ triangles when you know either two angles and one side (AAS or ASA) or two sides and a non‑included angle (SSA), though the latter may produce an ambiguous case.

正弦定理为:a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C,其中边 a、b、c 分别对应角 A、B、C。它用于非直角三角形,当已知两角一边(AAS 或 ASA)或两边及一个非夹角(SSA)时使用,但后者可能产生多解情况。

In the ambiguous case (SSA), there may be two possible triangles, one acute and one obtuse. Always check whether both solutions are valid by considering angles sum to 180°.

在模糊情况(SSA)下,可能存在两个不同的三角形,一个锐角和一个钝角。始终通过检验内角和为 180° 来判断两个解是否都有效。


8. Cosine Rule | 余弦定理

des and the included angle (SAS) or all three sides (SSS). The two forms are: a² = b² + c² – 2bc cos A, and cos A = (b² + c² – a²) / (2bc).

当已知两边及其夹角(SAS)或三边(SSS)时,使用余弦定理。两种形式为:a² = b² + c² – 2bc cos A,以及 cos A = (b² + c² – a²) / (2bc)。

It is particularly useful for finding an angle when all sides are known, or for finding the third side when two sides and the angle between them are given.

余弦定理特别适用于已知三边求角,或已知两边及其夹角求第三边的情形。


9. Area of a Triangle | 三角形面积

a b sin C. This formula is extremely flexible and works for any triangle, including right‑angled ones where sin 90° = 1.

对于已知两边 a、b 及其夹角 C 的三角形,面积公式为:面积 = ½ a b sin C。该公式极其灵活,适用于任何三角形,包括直角三角形(此时 sin 90° = 1)。

You may need to combine this with sine or cosine rules to find missing sides or angles before applying the area formula. Always use the correct angle between the two known sides.

可能需要先结合正弦定理或余弦定理求出缺失的边或角,再应用面积公式。务必使用已知两边之间的正确夹角。


10. Radians, Arc Length and Sector Area | 弧度、弧长与扇形面积

or with radius r and angle θ (in radians) is l = rθ. The area of the sector is A = ½ r² θ.

在 A-level 数学中,角可以用弧度度量,其中 180° = π rad。半径为 r、圆心角为 θ(弧度)的扇形的弧长为 l = rθ,面积为 A = ½ r² θ。

To convert degrees to radians, multiply by π/180. Radian measure simplifies many calculus results, such as the derivatives of sin x and cos x when x is in radians.

将角度转换为弧度,乘以 π/180。弧度制使许多微积分结果得到简化,例如当 x 以弧度为单位时,sin x 和 cos x 的导数公式。


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