LLE学费上限 每学分费率 180学分 非学分年
英格兰的终身学习权益（Lifelong Learning Entitlement，简称 LLE）从 2027 年 1 月 1 日起启用，学费上限的算法也跟着换了一套。过去上限按学年定，读一年交一年的封顶价，新制度按学分定，一门课值多少学分就对应多少收费额度。这条改动看着只是技术细节，落到账单上差别很大。一门 60 学分的课程只拿到 120 学分课程一半的上限，兼职与全职不再分开定价。下面按 DfE 官网 2025 年 7 月更新的学费上限指引与 2026 至 2027 学年费用公告，把每学分费率、课程额度、年度额度、非学分年这几层规则拆开讲。
England's Lifelong Learning Entitlement (LLE) starts on 1 January 2027, and it changes how tuition fee caps are calculated. Instead of a single annual cap for every course, the government now sets a limit per credit, so a 60-credit course carries exactly half the fee limit of a 120-credit course at the same provider. Part-time study no longer has its own rate table, because the number of credits does the work instead.
一、1 学分等于 10 小时：计费单位换了
学分在英国高校里原本只是学业进度单位，LLE 把它变成了计价单位。官方定义是一学分对应学生约 10 小时的学习量，包含上课、考核与自习。一门 120 学分的全日制本科课程年，大致就是 1200 小时的学习量。收费上限不再看这门课读几年，而是看这一年里有多少学分。这条规则对兼职学生最直接，过去兼职有单独的费率表，现在只按学分折算，读一半的学分就付一半的上限。很多学生以为兼职一定比全职便宜，其实单价一样，省下的只是总量。真正拉开差距的地方，是那些课程年被压缩、学分却没减少的项目。
Under the new rules a credit is a unit of price as well as a unit of study, with one credit standing for roughly ten hours of learning. That definition covers timetabled teaching, assessment and private study, so a 120-credit year implies about 1,200 hours of work. Because the cap follows credits rather than calendar years, a compressed course no longer gets a lower total limit just because it finishes sooner.
二、每学分上限怎么算：年上限除以 120
每学分的上限不是单独公布的一个数字，而是从学年上限折算出来的。计算方式是课程年学分乘以每学分限额，官方举过 120 学分乘以 50 英镑等于 6000 英镑的例子。折算的基数固定为 120 学分，也就是全日制本科一年的标准学分。按 2026 至 2027 学年的最高年上限 9790 英镑算，每学分约 81.58 英镑。2027 至 2028 学年上限涨到 10050 英镑，每学分约 83.75 英镑。常见的错误是拿这个单价乘整门课的学分，以为那就是总账单。单价只决定每年的上限，总额还要过课程额度与年度额度两道关。
The per-credit figure is derived rather than published as a standalone number, because the department divides the annual cap by the standard 120 credits of a full-time year. At the 2026 to 2027 maximum of 9,790 pounds that works out at about 81.58 pounds per credit, rising to roughly 83.75 pounds when the cap reaches 10,050 pounds in 2027 to 2028. Multiplying that rate by every credit in a degree overstates the bill, since two further ceilings apply on top.
三、四档年上限：TEF 与 APP 决定的价差
年上限本身分四档，取决于院校有没有教学卓越框架（TEF）奖项和准入与参与计划（APP）。两项都有时，2026 至 2027 学年全日制上限是 9790 英镑，折合每学分约 81.58 英镑。有 APP 但没有 TEF 奖项时是 9525 英镑，折合约 79.38 英镑。有 TEF 奖项却没有 APP 时降到 6525 英镑，折合约 54.38 英镑。两项都没有时是 6350 英镑，折合约 52.92 英镑。同一门课在不同院校之间的价差，可能来自这一层资质差异，而不是课程内容更贵。看招生页面时先确认学校属于哪一档，再比较学费数字。
Four rates sit behind the headline cap, set by whether a provider holds a Teaching Excellence Framework award and an approved access and participation plan. At the top of the table the 2026 to 2027 limit is 9,790 pounds a year; a provider with a plan but no TEF award may charge up to 9,525 pounds, while the two lowest bands fall to 6,525 and 6,350 pounds. Two universities advertising the same degree can therefore quote fees that differ by thousands, purely because of their regulatory status.
四、课程总额度：360 学分与 480 学分
除了每年上限，每类课程还有一个总额度，官方叫 per-course amount，作用是防止院校靠加学分抬价。三年制荣誉学士学位的额度是 360 学分，四年制或总学分达到 480 的一体化硕士是 480 学分。六年制及以上的医学、牙医、兽医首学位额度是 720 学分，不满六年的按 600 学分算。基础学位 240 学分，高等教育证书 120 学分，高等教育文凭 240 学分。不在清单里的课程，按每年 120 学分乘全日制等效年数计算。院校可以给出超过额度的学分，但超出的部分不能收费。这条上限与年度上限叠加，两个都要满足。
A second ceiling, the per-course amount, caps the total credits a provider may charge for across a whole qualification. Honours degrees normally sit at 360 credits, integrated masters at 480 and a six-year medical degree at 720, with foundation degrees at 240 and certificates of higher education at 120. Anything missing from the published list is worked out as 120 credits for each full-time equivalent year, and providers may award credits beyond the cap but cannot bill for them.
五、每学年最多收 180 学分
即使课程总额度还没用完，一个课程年最多也只能收 180 学分的费用，这条叫 per-year amount。实际可收费学分取三个数里的最小值，当年院校实际分配的学分、课程额度减去往年已收学分、以及 180。官方举过一个基础学位的例子，第一年 120 学分、第二年 140 学分，结果两年都只能收 120 学分。原因是第二年的课程剩余额度只剩 120 学分，超出的部分当年收不到。想读得更快的学生要留意这一点，一年塞进 180 学分以上，多出来的学分不会自动变成收费。这条规则也解释了为什么加速学位在 LLE 里不再有单独的费率表。
No course year can generate charges for more than 180 credits, even when the qualification's overall allowance is far from exhausted. Providers take the lowest of three figures: the credits actually assigned that year, what remains of the per-course amount, and the 180-credit ceiling. A foundation degree with 120 credits in year one and 140 in year two ends up charged at 120 credits in both years, because only 120 credits of the course allowance were left.
六、模块收费：30 学分门槛与学分一致性
模块单独收费时，费率与完整课程一致，没有折扣也没有附加费。要拿到学费贷款，模块的学分数必须与它在完整课程里的学分数相同，不能拆小也不能凑大。单独提供的模块至少要 30 学分，或者由同一门父课程下的几个模块凑够 30 学分。模块的收费学分本身没有上限，但同样受课程年 180 学分与课程总额度的约束。2026 年 5 月 DfE 公布的首批名单里有 130 所院校获批提供模块化课程，学科先集中在计算机、工程、护理、化学、经济等方向。这条设计针对的是想补一个技能块、不打算读完整学位的人。模块还必须出具标准化成绩单，方便学分转移。
Modules carry the same rate per credit as full courses, with no premium and no discount attached. To attract a fee loan a module must keep the credit value it has inside the parent course, be worth at least 30 credits on its own or as a bundle, and sit at a single level between 4 and 6. The first wave approved in May 2026 covered 130 providers, starting with computing, engineering, nursing, chemistry and economics rather than the whole catalogue.
七、非学分年与默认学分：医学、PGCE、没标学分的课
有些课程年根本没有学分可以算，官方把它们叫作非学分年。医学、牙医、护理、兽医、预注册医疗课程与一年制教师培训（PGCE）固定使用默认学分。院校自己没给课程分配学分的年份，也按非学分年处理。默认学分的算法是取年度额度与课程剩余额度中的较小值。十五周以上的全日制年份按 120 学分，兼职按 90 学分，加速课程按 180 学分。不足十五周的年份，全日制 60 学分，兼职 45 学分。这条规则让医学与教师培训在按学分计费的系统里仍然算得出来。
Not every year can be priced in credits, and the guidance calls these non-credit-bearing years. Medicine, dentistry, nursing, veterinary science, pre-registration healthcare and one-year teacher training always fall back on default credit values, as does any year where a provider has allocated no credits at all. Defaults run from 120 credits for a full-time year of 15 weeks or more down to 45 for a short part-time year, taken as the lower of the annual allowance and what remains of the course allowance.
八、实习与海外交换：13 周分界与单独额度
工作实习与海外交换有单独的每学分费率，通常低于普通授课。触发条件是课程年里实习达到 13 周及以上，并且这段实习不属于课程法定的最低实习时长。海外交换要同时满足几个条件，不与至少 10 周的英国本校学习落在同一年，确实延长了课程总时长，课程本身不是三年或更短。医学、牙医、兽医不受年限条件限制。满足条件的实习或交换，除了课程额度之外还能单独占用 120 学分的额度。普通授课与实习混在同一年时，两类学分分别按各自费率计算再相加。官方例子里 60 学分普通授课按 75 英镑、60 学分实习按 15 英镑，一年上限是 5400 英镑。
Placements and study abroad carry their own lower rate per credit, and each activity gets a separate 120-credit allowance on top of the course total. A placement qualifies once it runs for 13 weeks or more and sits outside any minimum period the course must include, while study abroad needs a full-time year, at least 13 weeks overseas, no overlap with 10 weeks of UK study and a course longer than three years. Where a year mixes both, the provider prices each block at its own rate and adds the two together.
九、课堂类基础年：上限冻结在 5760 英镑
课堂类科目的基础年上限没有跟着涨，DfE 把它冻结在 2025 至 2026 学年的水平，也就是 5760 英镑。其他科目的基础年上限仍按常规费率走。LLE 体系里，基础年有自己的每学分费率，同样受 TEF 与 APP 影响。这条安排影响的是读四年制（含基础年）的学生，第一年的账单明显低于后面三年。很多学生以为基础年只是补课，费用会打折很多，实际打折的是课堂类科目，实验室与工作室类课程不在冻结范围内。选校时把基础年单独拿出来算，比只看四年总价清楚。基础年必须属于某个学士学位的一部分，才能走 LLE 的资金。
Foundation years in classroom-based subjects are frozen at their 2025 to 2026 level of 5,760 pounds, while foundation years elsewhere keep the standard rate. The LLE gives these years a separate rate per credit, again adjusted for TEF and access plan status. Students on a four-year degree with a foundation year therefore see a first-year bill well below the three that follow, but only where the subject is classroom-based.
十、学费贷款总额：39160 英镑与每年支取上限
学费贷款总额按四年全日制折算，新学生是 39160 英镑，依据是 2026 至 2027 学年 9790 英镑的年上限。每年最多支取 180 学分对应的额度，可以跨课程与模块合并计算。已经读过书的返校学生拿的是剩余额度，官方例子是读完三年制学位用掉 29370 英镑，还剩 9790 英镑。自费或没有拿过公共资助的既往学习，不从额度里扣。学位读得越贵，剩余额度消耗得越快，这一点在选模块时容易被忽略。学生财务账户从 2026 年 9 月起可以查看估算额度，不需要单独申请。额度用完之后还有追加额度这条通道，条件比常规额度严格得多。
A new learner receives a total fee entitlement of 39,160 pounds, built from four full-time years at the 2026 to 2027 cap of 9,790 pounds. Up to 180 credits can be drawn in any single year, across several courses or modules if needed, and returning learners start from whatever residual balance their earlier study left them. Study that was self-funded or never publicly supported is not deducted, which is the detail most people miss when they assume every previous year eats into the pot.
十一、余额门槛与追加额度：1587.50 英镑那条线
额度快用完时有一条硬线，剩余学费贷款不足 1587.50 英镑，只有把这笔余额用在同一门课上，才能继续申请生活费贷款。差额部分要自费，官方把这条写得很直白。重修的处理相对宽松，重复修的学分不计入课程总额度，360 学分的学位挂了一门 30 学分模块再重修，理论上可以收到 390 学分。优先追加额度面向医学、牙医、护理、助产、专职医疗、教师培训与社会工作，只支持完整课程，不资助这些学科的单模块。特殊追加额度覆盖兽医、建筑、苏格兰学士与一体化硕士，最多两年 240 学分。这两类额度都要单独申请，不会自动出现在账户里。大部分学生会在这里丢分，以为额度会自动续上。
A hard line appears when the fee balance falls below 1,587.50 pounds: maintenance support continues only if that remainder is put towards the course in question, and anything above it becomes self-funded. Repeat study is treated more generously, since repeated credits sit outside the per-course amount and a failed 30-credit module on a 360-credit degree can push the chargeable total to 390. Priority and special additional entitlements cover medicine, teaching and a short list of longer courses, but neither appears in an account automatically.
十二、把账算清：三个数字与两层上限
把自己的账算清楚，需要三个数字，课程总学分、每年学分、以及院校属于哪一档费率。用每学分单价乘当年学分，得到当年上限，再与 180 学分和课程额度对照，取最小的那个。想省钱的路径不在找便宜学校，而在控制每年修的学分数与总学分，因为单价由资质档位决定，学生改不了。常见的错误是按四年总价除以四来估算每年开销，学分分布不均的课程会算错很多。读模块的人还要留意 30 学分门槛与学科范围，不在首批名单里的模块拿不到贷款。这些规则写在 SI 2026/856 与 DfE 官网的费用指引里，遇到招生页面与官网数字不一致时，以官网当页为准。学费上限只是账单的一面，生活费贷款另有门槛。
Working out a personal bill takes three inputs: the credits in the qualification, the credits taken each year, and the fee band the provider sits in. Multiply the per-credit rate by the year's credits, then compare that figure with the 180-credit ceiling and the remaining course allowance, and the smallest number wins. Dividing a four-year total by four is where estimates usually go wrong, because credits are rarely spread evenly across years.
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