都铎王朝 亨利八世 斯图亚特 伊丽莎白
英国国家课程 KS3 历史大纲（Department for Education，gov.uk 2013 年版）把 1509 到 1745 年的英国史列为必修单元，官方表述是 the development of Church, state and society in Britain。这一段真正在考的东西只有三件：君主怎么控制宗教、怎么筹钱打仗、王位传给谁。都铎和斯图亚特两朝把这三件事反复推到极处，所以 KS3 的问答题总绕着它们转。
England's KS3 curriculum (Department for Education, gov.uk, 2013) makes 1509 to 1745 a compulsory unit: the development of Church, state and society in Britain. Three questions run through it. Who controls religion, how the crown pays for war, and who inherits the throne. The Tudors and Stuarts pushed all three to breaking point, which is why exam papers keep coming back to them.
1485 年博斯沃思原野与玫瑰战争的收尾
1485 年 8 月，亨利·都铎在博斯沃思原野击败理查三世，玫瑰战争到此结束。他的王位来路很薄，靠母系血统的 claim 加上一场野战的胜负，所以登基后第一件事是往回追时间：把统治起始日定在战役前一天，这样战场上跟他作对的人全算叛国，家产充公。很多学生以为新王朝一开始就坐稳了，其实亨利七世花了十几年收拾冒名者，1497 年珀金·沃贝克登陆失败才算告一段落。
Henry Tudor beat Richard III at Bosworth in August 1485 and the Wars of the Roses ended. His claim rested on his mother's line plus one afternoon of fighting, so his first move was to rewrite the calendar. He dated his reign from the day before the battle, which turned everyone who had fought against him into a traitor and handed their estates to the crown. A new dynasty does not arrive secure. Henry VII spent over a decade dealing with pretenders, and Perkin Warbeck's failed landing in 1497 closed that chapter.
1534 年至尊法案与罗马的决裂
亨利八世要废掉凯瑟琳王后的婚姻、改娶安妮·博林，教皇克莱门特七世不批，于是他把裁判权从罗马搬回伦敦。1533 年《上诉限制法》堵死向罗马上诉的路，1534 年《至尊法案》宣布国王是英国教会在地上的最高元首。真正的推手是托马斯·克伦威尔，他让议会立法而不是只发诏书，所以这场决裂后来极难撤回。常见的错误是把它当成一桩离婚案，它同时解决了钱和权力两笔账。
Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Pope Clement VII said no, so Henry moved the decision from Rome to London. The 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals cut the road to Rome, and the 1534 Act of Supremacy named the king supreme head of the Church of England on earth. Thomas Cromwell is the figure who made it stick, driving statutes through Parliament instead of ruling by decree. Read it as a divorce case and you miss the point: it settled cash and authority in the same stroke.
1536 到 1541 年修道院解散的账目
1536 年起，克伦威尔的专员巡查修道院，交上来的报告把修士的腐败写得比实情严重，为关门提供了理由。小修道院先关，大修道院随后，土地、金银、铅顶全进了王室口袋，这笔收入大致填上了亨利在法国和苏格兰的军费。代价是地方上失去了救济穷人和办学的主要机构，1536 年北方爆发的求恩巡礼就是直接反应。问到解散的后果，钱、王权、地方社会三条都要写到。
From 1536 Cromwell's visitors toured the monasteries and filed reports that exaggerated corruption, which supplied the excuse. The small houses closed first, the large ones followed, and land, plate and lead roofs all went to the crown. The proceeds roughly covered Henry's campaigns in France and Scotland. The social cost was that parishes lost their main provider of poor relief and schooling, and the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace in the north answered it directly. When a question asks about consequences, cover finance, royal authority and local society.
爱德华六世与 1549 年公祷书
爱德华六世 1547 年即位时只有九岁，实权先后在萨默塞特公爵和诺森伯兰公爵手里。1549 年《公祷书》第一次把礼拜用语统一成英文，1552 年修订版更靠向新教，石祭坛换成木制 communion table。1549 年西部和东部的反抗说明改礼拜方式能直接激怒普通人。很多学生会跳过这六年，可它是理解伊丽莎白后来那条中间路线的前提：宗教改革不是一个晚上完成的动作，是一串反复。
Edward VI inherited in 1547 at nine years old, so power sat with the Duke of Somerset and then the Duke of Northumberland. The 1549 Book of Common Prayer put worship into English for the first time, and the 1552 revision leaned harder Protestant, swapping stone altars for a wooden communion table. The 1549 risings in the west and east show how fast a change in worship could anger ordinary parishioners. Six years is easy to skip, yet they explain the middle way Elizabeth later built. The Reformation was a sequence, not a single act.
玛丽一世与 1555 年异端法的复活
玛丽一世 1553 年从爱德华指定的简·格雷手里夺回王位，支持者不少，因为她是亨利八世的长女、而且是天主教徒。她恢复弥撒、撤掉爱德华时期的宗教法，1555 年让议会复活异端审判，约 280 名新教徒被烧死，坎特伯雷大主教克兰麦也在其中。1554 年她嫁给西班牙的腓力二世，议会和民间都不安，怀亚特叛乱与此有关。血腥玛丽这个绰号出自新教史家的笔，用材料时要留意作者的立场。
Mary I took the throne in 1553 from Lady Jane Grey, whom Edward had named as heir, and she drew real support as Henry's elder daughter and a Catholic. She restored the mass, repealed Edward's religious legislation, and from 1555 revived the heresy laws through Parliament. Around 280 Protestants were burned, including Archbishop Cranmer. Her 1554 marriage to Philip II of Spain unsettled Parliament and the country, and Wyatt's rebellion followed. The nickname Bloody Mary comes from Protestant writers, so weigh the source before quoting it.
1559 年宗教和解的措辞技巧
伊丽莎白一世 1558 年即位，1559 年的《至尊法案》和《统一法案》搭出宗教和解：她是教会最高统治者，但头衔用 Supreme Governor 而不是 Supreme Head，这个换词让一部分天主教徒还能勉强效忠；礼拜用英文《公祷书》，教义条文故意留白。她那句不想在别人灵魂上开窗的话，本质是政治算计。太靠罗马会丢掉新教支持，太靠日内瓦会给天主教列强送上干涉的理由。
Elizabeth I succeeded in 1558, and the 1559 Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity built the settlement. She took the title Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head, and that single substitution let some Catholics stay loyal. Worship used the English prayer book, with doctrine left deliberately vague. Her remark about not making windows into men's souls was arithmetic, not tolerance. Lean too Catholic and Protestant support evaporates, lean too Calvinist and Catholic powers have a pretext to intervene.
玛丽·斯图亚特与 1587 年福瑟林盖处决
苏格兰女王玛丽是亨利七世的曾外孙女，对英格兰王位有真实继承权，这使她天然成为天主教阴谋的核心。1568 年她逃进英格兰，随后被软禁十九年。1586 年巴宾顿阴谋的信件被截获，内容指向她同意刺杀伊丽莎白，1587 年 2 月她在福瑟林盖城堡被处决。伊丽莎白签了死刑令又反悔，因为处死一位受膏君主会开一个她自己也不敢认的先例。这类两难在论述题里出现频率很高。
Mary, Queen of Scots, was Henry VII's great-granddaughter with a real claim to the English throne, which made her the natural centre of Catholic plotting. She fled into England in 1568 and spent nineteen years under guard. Letters from the 1586 Babington plot appeared to show her consenting to Elizabeth's murder, and she was executed at Fotheringhay in February 1587. Elizabeth signed the warrant and then hesitated, because killing an anointed monarch set a precedent she did not want on record. Extended answers love this dilemma.
1588 年无敌舰队的后勤真相
1588 年西班牙派出约 130 艘船，计划先到尼德兰接上帕尔马公爵的陆军，再护送他们渡海登陆。英方在加来用火船冲散队形，格雷夫利纳斯一战后，西班牙舰队只能绕苏格兰和爱尔兰返航，风暴又毁掉大批船只。胜负不只是火炮：英格兰背靠本土港口，西班牙的补给线要横跨大西洋。很多学生以为一场海战就定了霸权，实际战争拖到 1604 年才停。
Spain sent roughly 130 ships in 1588, meaning to collect the Duke of Parma's army in the Netherlands and escort it across the Channel. English fireships broke the formation at Calais, and after Gravelines the fleet had to run home around Scotland and Ireland, where gales finished much of it. Gunnery mattered, but distance mattered more. England fought beside its own harbours while Spain supplied across the Atlantic. One battle did not settle anything, and the war ran until 1604.
1603 年王冠联合与詹姆斯一世的君权神授
伊丽莎白没有子女，1603 年苏格兰的詹姆斯六世南下继承英格兰王位，成为詹姆斯一世。两顶王冠落在一个人头上，可两个王国仍是两套议会、两套法律、两套税制。他写文章主张君权神授，说国王可以自由行使权力，这与英格兰议会习惯的讨价还价正面相撞。1611 年他解散议会，1621 年又因议员讨论外交政策而翻脸。这条冲突线是内战的伏笔，答题要把因果串起来。
Elizabeth died childless, and in 1603 James VI of Scotland rode south as James I of England. One head wore two crowns while each kingdom kept its own Parliament, law and tax system. He wrote in favour of divine right, arguing that kings rule freely, which collided with a Parliament used to bargaining. He dissolved Parliament in 1611 and quarrelled again in 1621 when MPs debated foreign policy. These rows are the runway to civil war, so trace the chain rather than listing the dates.
1605 年火药阴谋与感恩日的来历
1605 年 11 月，一群天主教徒在议会大厦地下堆了 36 桶火药，由盖伊·福克斯看守，打算炸死国王和议员，一封匿名信把计划捅了出去。政府随即把这场失败做成宣传：11 月 5 日被定为感恩日，一直纪念到 1859 年。此后对天主教徒的罚款与限制加严，拒赴国教礼拜的罚金让不少家族破产。常见的错误是把它当孤立的恐怖事件，它其实是宗教政策长期挤压后的产物。
In November 1605 a group of Catholics stacked 36 barrels of gunpowder beneath the House of Lords, with Guy Fawkes on guard, and an anonymous letter gave it away. The government turned the failure into propaganda. 5 November became a day of thanksgiving and stayed in the calendar until 1859. Penalties on Catholics tightened afterwards, and fines for refusing to attend church bankrupted several families. Treat it as a one-off plot and you lose the cause, which sits in years of religious pressure.
1629 到 1640 年查理一世的个人统治
查理一世 1625 年即位，跟议会吵了几年，1629 年索性解散议会，开始十一年个人统治。钱从哪来：他恢复古老的船税，扩大林地罚款，卖爵位和专卖权，1637 年法院判定船税合法。宗教上劳德大主教把礼拜仪式往天主教方向推，1637 年苏格兰因新祷书爆发骚乱，直接引出主教战争。打仗要钱，1640 年他只好重新召开议会，十一年统治到此结束。
Charles I came to the throne in 1625 and fell out with Parliament almost immediately. In 1629 he dissolved it and began eleven years of personal rule. The money came from reviving ship money, widening forest fines, and selling titles and monopolies, with the courts upholding ship money in 1637. Archbishop Laud pushed worship in a Catholic direction, a prayer book riot broke out in Scotland in 1637, and the Bishops' Wars followed. War costs money, so in 1640 Charles had to summon Parliament again and the experiment ended.
1642 到 1649 年从内战到处决国王
1642 年 8 月，查理在诺丁汉升起军旗，第一次内战开打。1644 年马斯顿荒原、1645 年内斯比，议会军和新模范军逐渐占上风，1646 年查理向苏格兰军投降。谈判破裂后 1648 年打第二次内战，军队清洗议会，1649 年 1 月 30 日国王在白厅被处决。审判的法律依据相当勉强，可它留下一个再也收不回去的说法：国王也要对法律负责。
Charles raised his standard at Nottingham in August 1642 and the first civil war began. Marston Moor in 1644 and Naseby in 1645 tipped the war towards Parliament and the New Model Army, and Charles surrendered to the Scots in 1646. Talks failed, a second war followed in 1648, the army purged Parliament, and the king was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649. The legal case against him was thin. The claim it left behind was not: the king answers to the law as well.
1660 年复辟与 1689 年权利法案
克伦威尔 1653 年成为护国公，1658 年去世后体制迅速散架，1660 年查理二世复辟，默契是不再搞个人统治。詹姆斯二世是天主教徒，1688 年威廉三世带兵登陆，詹姆斯出逃，后人称之为光荣革命。1689 年《权利法案》规定国王不能随意停止法律、不经议会不得征税、议员在议会内的言论不受追究，1701 年《王位继承法》把王位交给新教徒。这个单元的落点是议会主权如何被写进法条。
Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653, and after his death in 1658 the regime fell apart fast. Charles II was restored in 1660 on the understanding that personal rule would not come back. James II was a Catholic, so in 1688 William III landed with an army and James fled, an event later labelled the Glorious Revolution. The 1689 Bill of Rights barred the crown from suspending law or taxing without Parliament and protected free speech in debate, and the 1701 Act of Settlement put the succession in Protestant hands. Parliamentary sovereignty stopped being a slogan and became statute.
史料题与 GCSE 深度单元的衔接
KS3 的史料题一般给两段材料，问两份材料对同一个人物的评价差在哪里、为什么差。得分点落在作者身份、写作时间、写作目的，而不是把原文抄一遍。到了 GCSE，AQA 8145 里的 Elizabethan England 深度单元、Edexcel 的 Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 会把同一段历史再教一遍，但要求从记事件转到判因果、评价史家解释。很多学生在这里掉分，因为 KS3 奖励的是记得住，GCSE 奖励的是判断得住。
Source questions at KS3 usually print two extracts and ask how their judgements differ, and why. Marks come from authorship, date and purpose rather than paraphrase. At GCSE the same ground returns, for instance the Elizabethan England depth study in AQA 8145 or Edexcel's Early Elizabethan England 1558-88, but the demand shifts from recall to causation and to weighing historians' interpretations. Students drop marks at this point because KS3 pays for memory while GCSE pays for judgement.
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