IB经济 Paper1 10分题 15分题 图表 评分标准
IB 经济学的考卷看起来只有几道题，真正难的是每一分都写在评分标准里，靠印象答题很难稳在 6 分以上。这门课在 IBO 官网的《Economics guide》（2020 年 2 月发布，首次评估 2022 年）里把评估拆得相当细，SL 与 HL 各有一套卷面与权重，内部评估又单独占去三分之一左右的分数。下面把 Paper 1、Paper 2、Paper 3 与内部评估的答题骨架逐层拆开，重点放在评分标准到底认什么、不认什么。你会发现同一个知识点，写 10 分题和写 15 分题需要两套完全不同的写法。
IB Economics rewards answers that follow the markbands rather than answers that contain the most information. The guide published by the IBO in February 2020, first assessed in 2022, sets out separate papers and weightings for SL and HL, plus an internal assessment that carries a large share of the grade. This article works through the structure of each paper and the habits that move a response into the upper bands.
Paper 1 的结构：三选一与 10 分加 15 分
Paper 1 是一份延长回答卷，时长 1 小时 15 分钟，满分 25 分。卷面给三道题，分别来自教学大纲四个单元中的不同位置，学生只答一道。每题固定拆成两个部分，part (a) 占 10 分，part (b) 占 15 分。SL 的 Paper 1 占总成绩 30%，HL 占 20%，两边卷面结构一样，区别只在 HL 的题目会牵涉扩展内容。动笔前有 5 分钟阅读时间，这段时间不允许写答案，够把三道题扫一遍并挑出最有把握的一道。Paper 1 明确不允许使用计算器，考场上别指望用它算弹性或乘数。很多学生以为 15 分题只是把 10 分题写长一点，实际两者的评分标准是分开的两张表。
At both levels Paper 1 is an extended response paper lasting 1 hour 15 minutes and worth 25 marks, and candidates answer one of three questions. It carries 30 per cent of the SL grade and 20 per cent of the HL grade, with five minutes of reading time before writing begins and no calculators permitted at any point. Because the two parts are marked against different markbands, a longer version of part (a) earns nothing extra in part (b).
10 分题的四步骨架
part (a) 的最高档写得很具体：准确抓住题目要求，完整解释相关经济理论，全程恰当使用经济术语，在合适的地方给出并完整解释图表。落到写作上就是四步，先用一句话把核心概念定义清楚，再用因果链讲明白机制，接着把图画出来并在文字里逐步指认移动，收尾时用一句话回到题目问的那个对象。定义不要写成一整段教科书摘抄，一句就够，剩下的篇幅全部留给机制。常见的错误是学生在定义上花掉一半时间，机制只剩两句，图表干脆没有画。阅卷时看不到文字与图表之间的呼应，9 到 10 分那一档基本没有可能。
The top band of part (a) asks for four things at once: a secure reading of the question, fully explained theory, economic terms used appropriately throughout, and diagrams that are included and fully explained where they belong. In practice that means a one-line definition, a causal chain that exposes the mechanism, a labelled diagram referred to step by step in the text, and a closing sentence that returns to the exact wording of the question. A diagram that appears but is never explained sits in a lower band however neat it looks.
图表要画到评分标准要求的份量
IBO 的大纲写明，凡是合适的地方都要有标注正确、绘制清晰的图表，有些题目还会直接要求必须画图。图不是装饰，评分标准在 5 到 6 分档已经出现包含相关图表这一条，7 到 8 分要求包含并解释，9 到 10 分要求包含并完整解释。所以每张图至少要有三样东西，坐标轴名称、曲线的初始位置、移动之后的曲线位置。移动的原因要在图旁写一句，结果要用箭头或括号标出均衡点的变化。很多学生把图画得很工整，正文里却一句都没有提到，这种图在评分时几乎不加分。常见的错误是坐标轴只写价格和数量，没有写清是哪一种价格，名义价格还是实际价格。
The syllabus expects correctly labelled and clearly drawn diagrams wherever they are appropriate, and some questions make them essential. Since the markbands move from including a diagram to explaining it and then to fully explaining it, each diagram needs labelled axes, an initial position, a shifted position, and a sentence saying what moved and why. A diagram the candidate never mentions earns very little, no matter how carefully it is drawn.
15 分题的评价格局
part (b) 的最高档要求有效且平衡的综合或评价，同时要求现实案例被充分展开以支撑论证。平衡这两个字是分水岭，只写支持一面最高只能落在 10 到 12 分档，那一档的描述是大体平衡。一个能用的格局是，先承认题目立场成立的理由，再给出反方向的理由，然后指出哪一个条件会决定最终结果，收尾给出有条件的判断。判断不要写成因此这项政策是好的，要写成在需求价格弹性较低、供给调整需要时间的条件下，这项政策更可能达到目标。常见的错误是把评价写成第二个解释段，从头到尾都在讲机制，一句权衡都没有。
Part (b) reserves its top band for effective and balanced synthesis or evaluation, together with a real-world example that is fully developed to support the argument. A workable pattern accepts the case for the proposition, gives the case against it, identifies the condition that decides the outcome, and ends with a judgement that names that condition. Blunt verdicts such as the policy is good are not what the band descriptors reward; they reward a conclusion that says under which circumstances the policy is likely to work.
现实案例要展开到机制
大纲在使用案例这一节写得很直接，学生不能只提案例，还要结合题目解释这个案例。写例如英国 2022 年的能源价格上限只算提到了案例，写价格上限低于均衡价格、供给量收缩而需求量上升、缺口只能靠排队或补贴填补，才算把它展开。案例不必来自同一个国家，也不必是最新的新闻，要紧的是案例里的数字、政策工具与结果能对上机制。很多学生背了十几个国家的案例，考场上只写国家名字，这种写法在 15 分题里几乎拿不到案例那一部分的分。选三到四个自己讲得透的案例，比背二十个讲不透的更实用。案例的时间与数据要在考前核对一遍，避免记混年份。
The guide is explicit that examples must not simply be stated but explained in relation to the question asked. Naming a price cap introduced in the UK in 2022 is a mention, while showing that a binding cap creates a shortage which has to be covered by subsidy or rationing is an explanation. A small set of examples with numbers, instruments and outcomes will serve better than a long list of country names.
命令词决定答案深度
大纲的术语表把命令词按评估目标分层，解释类属于 AO2，要求给出包含原因或过程的详细说明，评价类属于 AO3，要求通过权衡优势与局限作出判断。这一条直接决定答案该写多深。题目写 explain，就要把机制讲透，不要提前评价。题目写 evaluate 或者 to what extent，就必须出现权衡与判断，只讲机制会掉到 7 到 9 分档。题目写 discuss，要的是一份兼顾多方的评论，不能只站一边。另外两个词常被忽略，justify 要求给出支持某一结论的证据，examine 要求把假设与相互关系挖出来。答题前把命令词圈出来，比通读三遍题干更管用。
Command terms are tied to assessment objectives in the guide, which places explain at AO2 and evaluate at AO3. An explain question wants the mechanism spelled out and nothing more, whereas evaluate or to what extent will not reach the upper bands without a weighing of strengths and limitations and a stated judgement. Circling the command term before writing is the cheapest safeguard against answering the wrong question beautifully.
Paper 2 材料题的 a 到 g
Paper 2 时长 1 小时 45 分钟，满分 40 分，SL 占 40%，HL 占 30%，两个级别都只从两道题里选一道。每题拆成七个小问，分值依次是 4 分、5 分、4 分、4 分、4 分、4 分与 15 分，前六个小问按评分细则给分，g 问按评分标准给分。a 与 b 两问内部还有 i 与 ii，分值按 2 分加 2 分或 3 分加 2 分分配。这一卷允许使用图形计算器，计算题要写出过程，只写答案拿不到过程分。g 问的评分标准里专门有一条要求使用材料中的信息，脱离材料写通用评价会直接掉档。材料里的数字要抄对，单位与年份同样算在信息使用里。
Paper 2 lasts 1 hour 45 minutes and carries 40 marks, weighted 40 per cent at SL and 30 per cent at HL, with candidates choosing one of two questions. Each question runs from part (a) to part (g), where the analytic markscheme covers the first six parts and the 15-mark part (g) is marked against a band descriptor. Graphical calculators are allowed, but working must be shown, and part (g) loses credit when the text and data provided are ignored.
Paper 3 政策建议题：先算再推荐
Paper 3 只有 HL 考，时长 1 小时 45 分钟，满分 60 分，占 HL 总成绩 30%。卷面两道题都必须答，每题 30 分，其中 part (a) 20 分并带若干小问，part (b) 10 分。part (b) 的命令词是 recommend，评分标准要求先找出并完整解释一项合适的政策，再用经济理论支撑这项建议，还要用材料里的数据说明为什么选它。最高档写的是有效且平衡的综合或评价，意思是建议之外还要承认这项政策的代价与限制。常见的错误是只写一句政府应该加税，没有交代税种、税率与传导路径。这一卷允许图形计算器，前面的计算通常决定后面的建议有没有数据支撑。
Paper 3 is HL only, runs for 1 hour 45 minutes and is worth 60 marks, or 30 per cent of the HL grade, with two compulsory questions of 30 marks each. Part (a) carries 20 marks through several subparts, while part (b) is a 10-mark recommendation marked by band, so the policy named has to be explained, supported with theory and justified with data from the stimulus. A bare call for higher taxes earns little, because the descriptors ask for a fully explained policy plus a balanced appraisal of its limits.
内部评估的三个单元与三个关键概念
内部评估在 SL 占 30%，HL 占 20%，两边的要求完全一样，都是三篇评论组成的作品集。每篇评论基于一篇公开发表的新闻媒体文章，三篇各自对应大纲里不同的单元，导论单元不能用。三篇评论还要各用一个不同的关键概念作为分析透镜，关键概念一共九个。每篇评论正文不超过 800 字，阅卷人不会读超过 800 字的部分。文章可以来自报纸、期刊或网站，不能来自电视或广播，而且必须附上原文。老师可以就一篇草稿提意见，但不能替你改稿，交上来的第二版就是最终版。
Internal assessment is a portfolio of three commentaries and counts for 30 per cent at SL and 20 per cent at HL, with identical requirements at both levels. Each commentary rests on a published news media article drawn from a different syllabus unit other than the introductory one, and each must use a different key concept as its lens. Commentaries are capped at 800 words, television and radio sources are excluded, and the original article has to be included in the portfolio.
作品集的 45 分怎么分布
作品集满分 45 分，算法是三篇评论各 14 分，再加上整份作品集的 3 分。每篇评论的五条标准是，图表 3 分、术语 2 分、应用与分析 3 分、关键概念 3 分、评价 3 分。图表这一条要求图相关、准确、标注正确并配完整解释，只画不解释最多 1 分。关键概念这一条如果两篇用了同一个概念会丢掉 3 分，三篇都用同一个最多丢 6 分。整份作品集的 3 分来自三条格式要求，三篇文章分属不同单元、来源互不相同、发表时间在写作前一年之内。常见的错误是把力气全放在分析上，图表随手一画，术语又反复换说法。
The portfolio is marked out of 45: fourteen marks for each of three commentaries plus three marks for the portfolio as a whole. Criteria A to E cover diagrams, terminology, application and analysis, the key concept and evaluation, with diagrams worth three marks and terminology two. Criterion F awards the last three marks only when the three articles come from different units, different sources, and were published within one year of the commentary being written.
时效、来源与字数的格式规则
文章的发表时间必须在写评论之前一年以内，这条既是格式要求，也决定评价能否成立。三篇评论的来源必须互不相同，用同一家媒体会被判格式不合格。每篇评论都要在开头写清七项信息，文章标题、来源、发表日期、写作日期、字数、所属单元、使用的关键概念。字数统计不含图表、五行以内的标签、十行以内的图注、数据表、公式与计算、引用与参考文献，但术语定义和引语算在正文里。脚注只能用来做文献出处，不能用来塞定义。超出的部分阅卷人不读，写成 850 字等于白写 50 字。
The one-year rule is a rubric requirement rather than advice: an article published more than a year before the commentary was written costs marks under criterion F. Every commentary must record the article title, source, publication and writing dates, word count, syllabus unit and the key concept used, and the three articles must come from three different sources. Word counts exclude diagrams, short labels, tables, equations and references while definitions and quotations count, and moderators stop reading at 800 words.
时间分配与最容易丢的几分
Paper 1 的 1 小时 15 分钟里，10 分题大约用 25 分钟，15 分题留 45 分钟，剩下 5 分钟检查图表标注与单位。很多学生把时间平均切成两半，结果 15 分题只写了两段，这是最常见的失分方式。Paper 2 的 40 分里 g 问独占 15 分，前六个小问合计 25 分，先把计算做完再写 g 问比较稳。Paper 3 两道题各 30 分，先做有把握的那一道，不要在一道题上耗掉一半时间。所有卷子都给 5 分钟阅读时间，这段时间只用来选题与圈命令词。交卷前把每个图表的坐标轴名称看一遍，这是最容易被忽略的 2 到 3 分。
In Paper 1 the 10-mark part deserves about 25 minutes and the 15-mark part about 45, leaving five minutes to check labels and units. Splitting the time evenly is the most common way candidates lose marks, because the evaluation is left half finished. In Paper 2 a single part (g) is worth 15 of the 40 marks, and in Paper 3 each question is worth 30, so start with the one you can actually finish and check every axis label before the script is collected.
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