AQA Edexcel GCSE物理 试卷结构 公式表 实验数
选物理这一科的时候，学生和家长最先问的往往不是哪家更难，而是两家到底差在哪里。AQA 的 8463 和 Edexcel 的 1PH0 都是英格兰的 GCSE 物理，受同一套 Ofqual 规则约束，考试时长、实验题比例、数学技能比例都一样。真正不一样的地方在主题怎么切、公式怎么给、实验做几个。下面按这几件事逐条对比，末尾给出按考试局调整复习顺序的做法。
Choosing between AQA and Edexcel for GCSE Physics is rarely about which board is harder; it is about how the specification is cut up. Both are regulated by Ofqual under the same GCSE science rules, so exam time, the practical weighting and the maths weighting match. The differences sit in topic structure, equation support and the number of set experiments, and those differences shape how revision should be planned.
两家受同一套规则约束的三个硬指标
Ofqual 在 GCSE 科学改革规则里写明，单科物理两张卷子的总考试时长不得少于三个半小时，实验相关的题至少占分数的一成五，数学技能至少占三成。分层也只有两档，Foundation 覆盖 1 到 5 级，Higher 覆盖 4 到 9 级。AQA 的 specification 与 Edexcel 的 specification 都照这套规则排卷。1 小时 45 分两张、各 100 分、各占一半的格局在两家完全一致。很多学生以为选了 Edexcel 就能少做数学，这个想法在物理上行不通。三成的数学比例是监管要求，不是考试局的偏好。
The regulatory floor is identical for both boards: at least three and a half hours of assessment, at least 15 per cent of marks tied to practical work, and at least 30 per cent of marks assessing mathematical skills. Tiering is fixed as well, with foundation covering grades 1 to 5 and higher covering 4 to 9. Anyone who assumes one board is the softer option on maths has misread the rules, because that 30 per cent is a condition of regulation rather than a preference held by AQA or Pearson.
AQA 8463 两张卷子的主题切法
AQA 把物理拆成八个主题。Paper 1 考主题 1 到 4，也就是能量、电学、粒子模型与原子结构。Paper 2 考主题 5 到 8，也就是力、波、磁与电磁学、空间物理。两张卷都是 1 小时 45 分、100 分，各占最终成绩的一半。AQA 在官网上说自己的题目用词更直白、给的语境更少、难度逐题上升。这一点在复习时很实用。做 AQA 的卷子不需要先花时间读懂一大段背景描述，读题时间可以压得很短。
AQA splits physics into eight topics, with Paper 1 covering topics 1 to 4 on energy, electricity, the particle model and atomic structure, and Paper 2 covering topics 5 to 8 on forces, waves, magnetism and electromagnetism, and space physics. Each paper lasts 1 hour 45 minutes and carries 100 marks, so the two are weighted equally. The board states that its papers use plainer language, fewer contexts and questions that climb in difficulty, which means less reading time before the physics starts.
Edexcel 1PH0 为什么有十五个主题
Edexcel 把同一门物理切成十五个主题，颗粒度细得多。Paper 1 考主题 1 到 7，从核心概念、运动与力、能量守恒、波、光与电磁波谱，一直到放射性和天文。Paper 2 考主题 1 加主题 8 到 15，包括能量与做功、力的效应、电路、静电、磁与电动机效应、电磁感应、粒子模型、力与物质。卷面规格与 AQA 一样，1 小时 45 分、100 分、各占一半成绩。主题多不代表内容多，它代表复习清单被切得更碎。每一块都要单独过一遍，进度表上也是十五行。
Edexcel divides the same subject into fifteen topics, which makes its revision list far more granular. Paper 1 runs through topics 1 to 7, from key concepts and motion to waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, radioactivity and astronomy, while Paper 2 returns to topic 1 and then covers topics 8 to 15 on energy, forces, circuits, static charge, magnetism, induction, the particle model and matter. The paper format matches AQA at 1 hour 45 minutes and 100 marks each, so the finer slicing is a planning issue rather than a workload issue.
静电与电磁感应为什么值得单独看
在 Edexcel 的目录里，静电学是主题 11，电磁感应是主题 14，各自成章，考纲给了独立编号和实验要求。AQA 把这两块并进主题 2 电学和主题 7 磁与电磁学，学生在目录上看不到单独条目。这个差别会影响查漏补缺的方式。Edexcel 的学生可以按主题号一眼看出自己哪一块没动过，AQA 的学生得翻到主题内部的小节，才知道静电场和变压器落在哪里。常见的错误是拿着对方考试局的目录去核对本校的进度，越对越乱，还把时间花在找对应关系上。
Static electricity sits as topic 11 and electromagnetic induction as topic 14 in the Edexcel specification, each carrying its own numbering and practical requirements, whereas AQA folds both into its electricity and magnetism topics without separate headings. That changes how gaps are found. An Edexcel candidate can scan topic numbers to see what has been skipped, while an AQA candidate has to look inside a topic to locate electric fields or transformer calculations. Checking progress against the other board's contents page is a reliable way to confuse yourself.
天文和空间物理各自放在哪里
Edexcel 把它叫天文，作为主题 7 放在 Paper 1 的最后，内容含太阳系、卫星与轨道运动、恒星的生命周期、红移与大爆炸。AQA 把它叫空间物理，作为主题 8 放在 Paper 2 的最后，重点是太阳系结构、恒星演化、红移与宇宙起源。两家都只在单独的物理资格里考这一块，综合科学不涉及。很多学生以为这部分是附加阅读，其实每年都出计算题与解释题。恒星演化那几步的先后顺序，是最容易丢分的地方，白矮星与中子星的分岔也常被写反。
Edexcel labels the section Astronomy and places it at the end of Paper 1 as topic 7, covering the solar system, satellites and orbital motion, stellar life cycles, red shift and the Big Bang. AQA calls it Space physics and puts it at the end of Paper 2 as topic 8, with a similar emphasis on stellar evolution and the origin of the universe. In both specifications the material is examined only in the separate physics qualification, and both boards set calculations as well as explanations on it, so treating it as optional reading costs marks.
公式表：要背的和卷末给的
两家都把公式分成两组，一组要自己记住并能重排，另一组印在卷子里供选用。AQA 的附录 A 分列这两组，Edexcel 的附录 2 用 List A 与 List B 区分，List B 印在试卷末尾。近年的安排有变化。Ofqual 与教育部在 2024 年 11 月征求意见后决定，2025 年到 2027 年的物理考试提供完整公式表。AQA 官网写明，2027 年的 Physics Equations Sheet 继续作为插页随两份卷子发放。这条安排有明确年限，2028 年之后是否延续要看当年的官方通知。别把它当成永久政策，也别因为卷末有公式就不练重排。
Both specifications divide equations into two groups, one that candidates must recall and rearrange, and one printed for selection in the exam; Edexcel prints its second list at the end of each paper. That support was widened after a Department for Education and Ofqual consultation in November 2024, so the 2025 to 2027 papers come with full equations sheets, and AQA confirms its 2027 sheet will again be an insert. The arrangement is time-limited, which is why the official notice for the year you actually sit outweighs any revision guide printed earlier.
三成数学分具体考什么
三成不是一句口号，它落在具体动作上。单位换算出现得最多，千米每小时换米每秒、千瓦换瓦、克换千克；标准形式与有效数字紧随其后；重排公式排在第三位，题目给的往往是需要变形的式子。Foundation 的数学难度按 KS3 水平要求，Higher 按 Foundation 层数学水平要求，这是 Ofqual 在分层规则里定下的。阅卷时最常看到的过程分丢失，是把数字代进没有重排的公式，或者答案写了却没有单位。写单位这件事只要养成习惯，就能少丢好几分。
The 30 per cent appears as specific moves rather than a label: converting kilometres per hour to metres per second, kilowatts to watts and grams to kilograms, handling standard form and significant figures, and rearranging an equation before substituting. Foundation papers pitch the mathematics at key stage 3 level and higher papers at foundation tier mathematics, as the tiering rules require. Marks are most often lost when values go into an unrearranged equation, or when a correct number is written without its unit.
十个必做实验与八个核心实验
AQA 的 8463 列了十个 required practical activities，其中第 2 与第 9 个是物理独有，其余与综合科学共用，实验相关题目至少占全部分数的一成五。Edexcel 的 1PH0 列了八个 core practicals，实验题按同样的一成五比例出现。两家的实验都不是现场操作考试，而是在笔试里问方法、变量、读数与误差。学校要按考试局要求提交实验完成声明，缺了这一步算管理失当。常见的错误是把实验当成背诵清单。题目更爱问为什么某个变量必须控制，或者换一个器材结果会怎么变。
AQA lists ten required practical activities for 8463, two of which are physics-only, and questions drawing on them account for at least 15 per cent of the marks; Edexcel lists eight core practicals under the same practical weighting. Neither board runs a hands-on practical exam, because the assessment asks about methods, variables, readings and uncertainty inside the written papers. Centres must also confirm that the activities were completed, and a missing statement is treated as maladministration rather than a clerical slip.
题型与长答题的位置
两家的卷面都由选择、结构化短答、计算与开放式长答组成，差别在长答的分布。Edexcel 的六分题常见于解释与评估类设问，要求把因果链写完整，只写结论拿不到分。AQA 的扩展题多放在实验描述与解释的情境里，答题框会提示需要覆盖的要点数量。复习时按题型分配时间，比按知识点平均分配更有效。学生最常把时间花在已经会做的计算上，长答反而只留五分钟，最后两句话草草收尾。
Multiple choice, structured short answers, calculations and extended writing appear in both papers, but the extended responses are distributed differently. Edexcel regularly uses six-mark explanations and evaluations where the causal chain has to be complete, and a bare conclusion scores nothing; AQA tends to place extended answers inside experimental contexts with prompts on how many points to cover. Allocating time by question type therefore matters more than an even split across topics, because familiar calculations absorb the minutes that extended answers need.
分层、等级与卷面分不能跨局比较
两家都提供 Foundation 与 Higher 两档，Foundation 的最高等级是 5，Higher 覆盖 4 到 9，这是 Ofqual 的硬性规定。等级由当年的 grade boundary 决定，boundary 由各考试局在评卷结束后按卷面难度设定。原始分在两家之间没有可比性。同一份卷面在 AQA 拿到的分数，换到 Edexcel 不代表同样的等级，因为题目难度与 boundary 都不同。看学校或学生表现时应该比等级比例，不是比平均卷面分。很多学生以为卷面分越高就越稳，跨局一对比就得出错误结论。
Both boards offer foundation and higher tiers, with foundation capped at grade 5 and higher spanning grades 4 to 9 under the same regulatory conditions. Grades come from grade boundaries that each board sets after marking, once the difficulty of that year's papers is known. Raw marks therefore cannot be compared across boards, and a score that earns one grade with AQA would not translate into the same grade with Edexcel, which is why published comparisons use grade proportions rather than mean marks.
换考试局和私人考生要核对的事
学校用哪个局通常由教学安排决定，学生个人很难改，真正要核对的是转学插班时主题编号的对应关系。AQA 的八个主题与 Edexcel 的十五个主题不是一一对应，插班之后要按新局的目录重新标一次进度。私人考生需要自己找考点，JCQ 的考点搜索工具可以按科目与地区查。报名截止日由考点定，通常比考试局的时间更早。常见的错误是只问考点收多少钱，没问对方是否接受物理的实验声明，也没问实验是否安排过。
Which board a school enters is normally settled by its teaching plan, so what actually needs checking is topic mapping when a student changes school mid-course. Eight AQA topics and fifteen Edexcel topics do not line up one to one, and progress has to be re-marked against the new contents page. Private candidates must find a centre themselves through the JCQ centre search, and centre deadlines usually fall earlier than the board's own dates, so the practical statement question is worth asking before the fee.
按局调整复习顺序的两个动作
AQA 的复习可以按八个主题走两轮。第一轮把主题 1 到 4 与主题 5 到 8 成对安排，第二轮只补跨主题的题，比如能量在电学与力里的重复出现。Edexcel 更适合按十五个主题排表，Paper 1 考完就要回头补电学与磁学，因为 Paper 2 里主题 8 到 15 占了绝大部分。把电学留到最后，是这类计划里最常见的失手。等到四月才发现电路与电磁感应还没动，时间就不够了。两条路线都不需要额外资料，按本校的 specification 目录打勾就够。
An AQA plan can run in two passes over the eight topics, pairing topics 1 to 4 with 5 to 8 and then using the second pass for cross-topic questions such as energy appearing in both electricity and forces. An Edexcel plan is better organised as a fifteen-row schedule, and the electricity and magnetism topics must be pulled forward straight after Paper 1, since topics 8 to 15 dominate the second paper. Leaving circuits until the spring is the standard failure mode in that schedule, and neither plan needs anything beyond the specification contents page as a checklist.
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