IB EE 文内引用 脚注 参考文献 学术诚信
EE 是 IB 文凭的核心任务之一。IBO 的指南把它定义为一篇不超过 4000 字的独立研究论文，配一份不超过 500 字的反思表格，学生投入约 40 小时。引用是这份作业里最容易补救、也最容易被放过的一块。它不考你能不能背出 APA 第七版的每一条细则，考的是读者能不能顺着你的标注找到你读过的那个版本。下面按 IBO 的官方文件拆开讲：文内引用怎么写，参考文献怎么列，哪些做法会被判成学术不端，以及 2027 年 5 月首次评估的新指南对规模提出了什么要求。
The extended essay is the one piece of work in the Diploma Programme where the bibliography is read as closely as the argument. Nothing in the IB's rules asks for a flawless reference list; what the rules ask is that a reader can trace every borrowed sentence back to a source that really exists. The sections below follow the wording of the IB's own documents, including the guide published in February 2025 for first assessment in 2027.
4000 字上限与 500 字反思表格
IBO 在 2025 年 2 月发布、2027 年 5 月首次评估的新版《Extended essay guide》写明，EE 不超过 4000 字，另附一份不超过 500 字的反思表格。官网还给了两个数字：学生投入约 40 小时，指导过程建议 3 到 5 小时，含三次必须参加的反思面谈。这三个数字放在一起，说明 4000 字是取舍指标，不是写作指标。很多学生以为字数上限意味着要写满，于是每段都塞进三条史料。真正吃掉字数的常常不是论点，而是大段转述。常见的错误是把某本书两页内容原样搬进正文，再在句末补一个括号，占了 300 字，却没有自己的判断。把每个来源先压成一句概括，需要原文语气时再引整句，字数和引用密度都稳得住。
The guide is explicit about scale: a 4,000-word essay, a 500-word reflection form, roughly 40 hours of student work and 3 to 5 hours of supervision across three compulsory reflection sessions. In practice the word limit is a budgeting problem rather than a target, and every long paraphrase is a withdrawal from the same account. A paragraph that reproduces two pages of a book and closes with a bracketed name spends 300 words without adding an argument, which is exactly the trade a supervisor notices first.
三种文内引用形态：作者、作者-日期、编号脚注
IBO 的《Effective citing and referencing》（2014 年 8 月）把文内引用分成三类。作者式只给姓氏和页码，文学与历史类文章常用。作者-日期给姓氏、年份和页码，APA 与 Harvard 走这一条。编号脚注在标点之后放上标数字，把完整信息落到当页页脚，同一来源第二次出现时可以缩短。选哪一种看学科惯例，也看导师要求，选定之后不要中途更换。很多学生以为脚注比正文括号更高级，其实两者只是位置不同，读者看到的信息量一样。常见的错误是在正文写一套括号、在页脚再写一遍完整信息，两边对不上号，反而显得没读过格式手册。
The IB groups in-text citations into three families: author only, author and date, and numbered footnotes, and each family carries a different amount of information in the sentence itself. Choosing one is a matter of subject convention, not prestige; a history essay and a chemistry essay can legitimately look nothing alike. What does look careless is running two systems at once, so that the bracket in the text and the note at the foot of the page describe the same source in two different ways.
IB 不指定格式：一致比标准更重要
同一份文件写明，IB 不规定也不坚持某一种引用格式，要求只有两条：诚实说明哪些字句与观点不是自己的，以及前后一致地标出来源。文件列出六种常用体系：MLA、APA、Harvard、Chicago/Turabian、CSE 与 ISO 690。来源是在线访问的，IB 更希望写出 URL 或 DOI，即使所用格式手册把这两项列为可选。文件里还有一句常被跳过的判断：评估时不要求学生做到零错误，但要求学生承认所有借用。这条对自学者特别有用，不必为了凑一套完美格式反复返工。把学校指定的一套从头用到尾，比每章换一种体系安全得多。
Because the IB does not prescribe a style, the safe strategy is to adopt the one your school already uses and apply it without exception from the first draft. The IB's stated preference is for a URL or a DOI wherever a source was consulted online, even when the chosen style guide marks those elements as optional. Errors of detail are treated far more gently than a borrowed paragraph that carries no acknowledgement at all.
正文没标，文末清单等于没引
《Effective citing and referencing》里有一句最常被漏读的话：只在文末参考文献里列出来源是不够的。出处要出现在正文使用它的那个位置，读者才能分清哪一句是你的、哪一句来自别人。EE 指南的学术诚信一节措辞更硬：论文要通过准确的引用与完整参考文献给出精确来源，未做到会被视为学术不端，并可能按违反 IB 规定处理。很多学生以为文末有清单就安全，导师翻两页正文就能看出有没有。常见的错误是一整段转述之后不加任何标记，只把书放进参考文献列表，看起来规范，实际上读者找不到落点。写完一节就回头确认每段至少有一处可追溯的标注。
A reference list at the end of the essay does not, on its own, count as citing anything. The citation has to sit in the sentence where the borrowed material appears, so that a reader can tell your analysis from someone else's wording. The extended essay guide treats the absence of that link as an academic integrity matter rather than a formatting slip, which is why supervisors read the body before they read the bibliography.
常识不必引，拿不准就去引
文件对常识给了明确边界：某个学科内基础且公认的知识不必标注来源。紧接着的一句更有用：如果拿不准某条材料算不算常识，就去引用它。这条规则化解了很多争论。写经济学的 EE 时，供给上升价格下降这类教科书结论可以不标；某国某年的通胀率是 3.2% 这种具体数据则要标。判断标准不是你觉得大家都知道，而是读者会不会想追问出处。多引一条的代价是一行字，漏引一条的代价是可信度。导师在面谈里追问来源时，答不上来的往往就是这类具体数字。
The line between common knowledge and a claim that needs a citation is drawn by the reader, not by the writer's confidence. Basic textbook conclusions can stand on their own; a specific figure, date or percentage cannot, because somebody will want to know where it came from. The IB's own advice is blunt about the grey area: when in doubt, cite, since an extra citation costs a line and a missing one costs credibility.
改写不是换词：paraphrase 的两个动作
文件对改写提了两层要求。一层是用自己的话重写尽量多的部分，专有名词与术语除外。另一层是改变原文的结构，比如调整观点的先后顺序。还要让读者看清原作者的想法从哪里开始、到哪里结束。只把几个形容词换成同义词、句子骨架照搬，在文本比对系统里的相似度依然很高。很多学生以为换词就算改写，这是被判抄袭最常见的原因。更稳的做法是读完一整段合上原文，凭记忆写一句概括，再回头核对有没有漏掉关键限定。中间加了自己的例子，就写清那是你的判断，不要与原作者的观点混在一起。
Paraphrasing involves two moves, not one: replacing the wording and rearranging the structure, so that the sentence order is yours as well as the vocabulary. Students who swap a few adjectives and keep the original skeleton produce text that text-matching software still flags, and examiners read that as an attempt to disguise a copy. A reliable habit is to close the book, summarise the passage from memory in one sentence, then reopen it only to check that no essential qualifier was lost.
直接引用要短：引号、缩进与页码
直接引用用引号标出原文。较长的引文可以单独缩进成块，不再加引号，但出处照样要给。文件建议引用从简，文学与历史类文章可以多一些，因为分析原文措辞本身就是任务的一部分。印刷来源要给页码，这一点在直接引用上尤其关键，读者要能翻到那一页核对。常见的错误是把引文当论据：引完一段原文就往下写，没有解释这句话如何支撑你的论点。另一种错误是比例失衡，一段 80 词的引文只配 40 词的分析，读起来就是材料堆砌。引用之后加一句你自己的判断，那才叫用上了证据。
Quotations should be used sparingly, and the IB notes that literary and historical essays may reasonably carry more of them because close attention to wording is part of the task. Page numbers matter most here: a quotation without a page cannot be checked. The common failure is not the quotation itself but what follows it, since a quoted block that is never interpreted reads as raw material rather than evidence.
网页来源三件套：发布日期、访问日期、URL 或 DOI
文件的核查清单对网络材料给了三项：材料发布的日期、你最后一次访问的日期、以及 URL 或 DOI。三者缺一项，读者就无法确认自己看到的是不是同一个版本。DOI 比 URL 稳定，期刊文章优先写 DOI。很多学生以为网址会一直有效，实际上学校订阅的数据库换了入口，去年的链接就打不开了。写网页来源时顺手记下访问日期，比半年后凭记忆补要省事。官方还提醒，不同格式手册的版本存在差异，选定一版就按那一版写到底。清单里还有一条常被忽略：图片、表格、图表、地图的出处要单独给出。
For anything consulted online, the IB's checklist asks for three elements: the date the material was posted, the date you last visited it, and the URL or DOI. A DOI survives publisher redesigns in a way that a web address does not, which is why journal articles should carry one wherever possible. Images, tables, graphs and maps need their own acknowledgements too, a detail that many otherwise careful essays quietly skip.
参考文献表只放正文引过的来源
这份文件的定义部分写得很直接：看过但没有在正文提到或引用的来源，不要放进参考文献。参考文献表是正文引用的镜像，不是阅读清单。清单按作者姓氏字母排序，每个条目给出足够完整的信息，让读者能顺着它找到同一份材料。不同材料需要的元素不同：书要作者、书名、出版者与出版地、出版年；期刊论文还要卷期与页码；网页要给访问日期。核对方法是双向的：正文每条引用能在清单里找到，清单每条能在正文找到落点，第一作者的姓氏要能对上。导师看清单时先看顺序，再看条目与正文是否一一对应。
The bibliography is a mirror of the citations, not a record of everything you read, and the IB is unusually direct about that: sources consulted but never cited should be left out. Entries are ordered alphabetically by author surname and carry enough detail for a reader to locate the same edition. Checking runs in both directions, from each citation to its entry and from each entry back to a point in the text.
引用出错会被当作学术不端处理
EE 指南把引用问题放在学术诚信一节，措辞不留余地：未能做到准确的引用与完整参考文献，会被视为学术不端，并可能作为违反 IB 规定的行为处理。IBO 的《Academic integrity policy》（2019 年 10 月发布，2023 年 3 月更新）要求学生对提交给 IB 评估的所有作品给出来源致谢，文件另设附录说明人工智能工具的使用。政策还写明，必要时 IB 会对相关学生提交的作品做进一步调查，某些情况下覆盖整届考生，而不只是抽样部分。这一条最容易被低估：同届同学之间借段落，风险不只落在一个人身上。学校通常也会用文本比对系统查重，相似度只是线索，真正被追问的是你能不能说出每一段的来源。
The distinction the IB draws is between imperfect formatting and unacknowledged borrowing, and only the second is treated as misconduct. Its academic integrity policy requires students to give credit to sources in all work submitted for assessment, and it allows the IB to investigate beyond the sampled work when a case warrants it, in some circumstances across an entire cohort. Collusion between classmates therefore spreads the risk rather than sharing it.
呈现的硬规定：页码、匿名、10MB
EE 指南的呈现部分给了几条与引用无关、但同样会丢分的硬规定。页码是强制的。标题页、页眉、附录与致谢页不得出现考生、导师或学校的名称。提交文件的体积不得超过 10MB，反思表格单独上传，不计入这个体积。格式上要求字体、字号与行距适合屏幕阅卷。很多学生以为匿名只涉及标题页，页眉留着学校名同样违规。定稿前把文件导出为 PDF，逐页看页眉与页码，比事后补救省时间。附录里的原始数据要标来源，不能因为放在最后就当成免责区。
The presentation requirements are mechanical and easy to satisfy, which makes them easy to forget: page numbering is mandatory, and no candidate, supervisor or school name may appear on the title page, in page headers, or on appendix and acknowledgement pages. The submitted file must stay under 10 MB, with the reflection form uploaded separately. Checking the exported PDF page by page takes ten minutes and prevents a category of loss that has nothing to do with the quality of the research.
从反思面谈到 viva voce：引用的时间线
引用不是最后一周才处理的事。EE 的指导过程包含三次正式反思面谈，第三次是论文完成后的 viva voce，导师在其中确认作品确实出自学生本人，也会问到来源与判断过程。IBO 建议的指导时长是 3 到 5 小时，这意味着每次面谈都要带着具体进展去。研究者反思空间可以放来源摘录与初步判断，写正文时直接调用。很多学生以为面谈只是走过场，实际上导师对来源的熟悉程度，决定了他能在多大程度上替你确认作品真实性。把每条来源的出处记在同一个文件里，从第一次面谈一直用到最后一次，写作与核对都省力。
Citation practice is built across the process rather than added at the end, which is why the three reflection sessions and the closing viva voce matter to it. The final interview is where a supervisor authenticates the work and can ask what a particular source actually said, so a candidate who cannot place their own references is in an uncomfortable position. Keeping one running file of sources and page numbers, from the first session to the last, makes both the writing and that conversation considerably easier.
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