KCSIE第四部分 员工指控 LADO 停职记录
英国学校的儿童安全保护不只管孩子之间的事，也管大人。老师、代课老师、实习教师、志愿者甚至来校办活动的承包商，只要被怀疑伤害孩子，或者被怀疑不适合与孩子共事，学校就要走一套固定程序。这套程序写在英国教育部（DfE）官网公布的《儿童安全保护指南》(KCSIE) 第四部分里，2026 年 7 月 7 日公布，2026 年 9 月 1 日起正式生效。很多学生以为这只是学校内部的管理动作，其实每一步都有法律依据、责任人和时限。下面按流程拆开讲：谁上报、报给谁、多久复核、什么时候停职、家长能知道什么、结案之后又会发生什么。
Safeguarding in English schools covers adults as well as children. If anyone working in or on behalf of a school in a paid or unpaid capacity is suspected of harming a child, or of being unsuitable to work with children, the school has to follow a fixed procedure rather than make an informal judgement call; part four of Keeping children safe in education sets out that procedure, and the 2026 version has been in force since 1 September 2026.
第四部分覆盖的六类人
第四部分第 434 段写得很直接：学校在处理针对教职员工的安全保护担忧或指控时，必须有自己的一套程序。受约束的对象包括在编员工、代课老师、实习教师、志愿者和承包商，不论是否领薪。适用范围覆盖公立学校、学院制学校、自由学校、独立学校、非公立特殊学校和继续教育学院。学校自定的程序还要和地方的儿童保护程序对得上。2026 年版本把实习教师写进了第四部分全文，并新增了处理实习教师相关担忧的期望。同一版本的附件 C 还记录了一项变化，《2026 年犯罪与警务法》取消了受监督例外，志愿者只要在涉及教学、训练、指导或监督儿童的岗位上每月超过 3 天，或者涉及过夜，就落入受监管活动的范围。
Part four applies to anyone working in or on behalf of a school in a paid or unpaid capacity, including supply teachers, trainee teachers, volunteers and contractors. The 2026 edition adds trainee teachers throughout the section and expects schools to handle concerns about them much as they handle supply agency staff; a separate change in the Crime and Policing Act 2026 removes the supervision exemption, which pulls more volunteers into regulated activity. Schools write their own procedures, but those procedures have to line up with local safeguarding arrangements.
两条通道：伤害门槛指控与低级别担忧
第四部分只有两节，处理的是两种量级不同的事。第一节叫可能达到伤害门槛的指控，会拉进地方当局指定官员（LADO），必要时还有警方。第二节叫没有达到伤害门槛的担忧，官方术语是 low-level concerns，也就是低级别担忧，由学校内部消化。低级别这三个字很容易被误读，它不代表事情微不足道。任何与员工行为准则不符、又还没到伤害门槛的行为，都算在里面。两条通道的分界只看那四条伤害门槛标准。规则也写明了判断不清时怎么办：去问 LADO。
Part four has two sections because not every concern about an adult amounts to an allegation of harm. Section one covers allegations that may meet the harm threshold and brings in the local authority designated officer, and the police where needed; section two covers low-level concerns, which stay inside the school. Low-level does not mean trivial. The harm threshold, not seniority or a parent's complaint, decides which track applies.
伤害门槛的四条标准与可转移风险
第 437 段列出四条标准，符合其中一条就按第一节处理。第一条是行为已经伤害了孩子，或者可能伤害孩子。第二条是可能构成针对孩子的刑事犯罪，或者与孩子有关的刑事犯罪。第三条是对某个孩子或一群孩子的行为显示他可能构成伤害风险。第四条是行为显示他可能不适合与孩子一起工作。第四条不局限在校内，校外的行为同样算数，官方把它叫做可转移风险（transferable risk）。学校遇到过这类情况时，要评估这个人现在接触的孩子是否受影响，拿不准就去问 LADO。伤害测试（harm test）本身的定义写在《1989 年儿童法》第 31 条与英国 DBS 官网的禁令转介指引里。
The harm threshold has four limbs, and any single one moves a case into section one: behaviour that has harmed or may harm a child, a possible criminal offence against or related to a child, behaviour indicating a risk of harm to children, or behaviour indicating the adult may be unsuitable to work with children. The fourth limb reaches outside school, which the guidance calls transferable risk. Where it is raised, the school should assess the risk to the children the person works with.
校内第一站与校长本人的例外路径
第 77 至 79 段规定上报的第一站是校长或院长。校长接到担忧后要判断是否需要把案件转介给 LADO。如果被指控的人就是校长本人，担忧要报给校董会主席、管理委员会主席或者独立学校的校产主。如果校长同时是独立学校的唯一校产主，或者把事报给校长本身就存在利益冲突，那就直接报 LADO。本地 LADO 的联系方式必须放在地方议会官网上容易找到的位置。第 440 段给负责调查的人起了名字：案件管理人（case manager），通常就是校长本人；校长被指控时，这个角色由校董会主席或校产主担任。
Reports go first to the headteacher or principal, who decides whether an onward referral to the LADO is needed. If the headteacher is the subject of the allegation the matter goes to the chair of governors, the chair of the management committee or, in an independent school, the proprietor; where the headteacher is also the sole proprietor, or there is a conflict of interest, the report goes straight to the LADO. The person who leads the case is the case manager.
联系 LADO之前的基本核查
第 444 段要求学校在联系 LADO 之前先做基本核查，判断指控有没有根据。核查要问的问题包括：指控发生时那个人在不在学校。他有没有可能接触到这名孩子。当时有没有目击者。学校里有没有相关监控录像。完整清单写在 LADO 服务提供给学校的本地程序里。核查有一条底线，就是不能破坏警方日后的调查，常见的错误是跳过核查直接下结论。什么时候告知被指控的员工，要一个一个案子判断，听取 LADO 与警方、儿童社会服务的意见。如果怀疑孩子正在遭受或者可能遭受重大伤害，还要按《Working Together to Safeguard Children》开策略讨论会。
Before contacting the LADO, schools should carry out basic enquiries to establish whether there is any foundation to the allegation, without jeopardising a future police investigation. Four examples are given: whether the individual was in the school at the time, whether they did or could have come into contact with the child, whether there were witnesses, and whether there is CCTV footage. When the member of staff is told about the allegation is decided case by case, with advice from the LADO and, where they are involved, the police and children's social care.
LADO的角色：监督调查而不是侦查
第 451 段有一句关键的话，LADO 的角色不是去调查这项指控，而是确保由一个合适的机构完成调查。调查方可能是警方、儿童社会服务、学校自身，或者几家联合。简单案件通常由学校的一名资深员工来做。如果学校人手不够，或者案情本身复杂，就要请独立调查人。地方当局通常为公立学校提供这项服务，学院、独立学校和继续教育学院则要自己找到校外独立的人选。学校既是雇主又是调查的组织者，独立性要靠第三方兜底。
The LADO does not investigate the allegation; the role is to make sure an appropriate investigation takes place, whether it is run by the police, children's social care, the school itself or a combination of them. In straightforward cases a senior member of school staff carries it out. Where the school lacks capacity or the case is complex, an independent investigator is brought in. The purpose of that arrangement is to stop the employer's own position from shaping the evidence.
案件节奏：四周首评与每两周到每月复核
《Working Together to Safeguard Children》2026 年 3 月版规定，指控一旦进入雇主的视野，地方当局的指定官员必须在一个工作日内接到通知。案件管理人要对进度负责，目标是把案件处理得尽量快、彻底而且公平。第一次复核要在初次评估之后四周内完成。如果调查继续，之后的复核日期在复核会上定下来，理想间隔是两周，最长不超过一个月。案件查明不需要进一步行动时，LADO 与案件管理人要把决定和理由写进记录，并商定书面告知本人哪些内容、由谁发出。
Under Working together to safeguard children, published in March 2026, the local authority designated officer must be alerted within one working day of an allegation coming to an employer's attention. The case manager monitors progress, and the first review should take place no later than four weeks after the initial assessment. Where a case closes with no further action, the LADO and the case manager record the decision with its justification and agree what is put in writing to the individual.
停职不是默认动作：五种替代安排
第 462 段明确写着，停职不应该成为自动反应，动手之前必须先把所有可以避免停职的选项过一遍。只有存在孩子可能受到伤害的风险，或者案情严重到可能构成解雇理由时，才考虑停职。指导列出五种替代安排：在校内调岗，让这个人与涉事孩子没有直接接触；有孩子在场时安排另一名员工陪同；调到不需要无人监督接触孩子的岗位；把孩子转到不与这名员工接触的班级，但只在符合孩子最佳利益、听取孩子意见并且已告知家长这不是惩罚的前提下；临时调到另一个地点或者另一个岗位。第 466 段提醒另一项代价：指控最后被证明没有根据时，停职已造成很难挽回的声誉损伤。关于警方介入，指导写得很清楚，警方参与并不等于必须停职，仍要按个案做风险评估。
Suspension should not be an automatic response, and the guidance lists five alternatives that have to be considered first: redeployment so the individual has no direct contact with the child concerned, an assistant present whenever children are around, a move to work without unsupervised access to children, moving the child to a different class where that serves the child's best interests, or a temporary move to another site. Suspension is reserved for cases where a child may be at risk of harm or the matter is serious enough to raise grounds for dismissal. Police involvement does not make suspension mandatory, and if suspension is chosen the case manager has to record why the alternatives were rejected.
停职之后的书面确认与关怀义务
一旦决定停职，书面确认要在一个工作日内发出，理由要写得尽量具体。雇主不能把一个被停职的人放着不管，停职当时就要告诉谁是他的指定联系人，联系方式是什么。第 471 段把关怀义务列得很细：尽量减轻指控带来的压力；尽快告知本人并说明可能的走向；建议他联系工会代表或者信任的同事；指定一名代表持续通报案件进展；必要时提供心理咨询或者医疗建议的渠道；不阻止他与同事和朋友正常来往，除非有证据显示这会影响取证。指导还写明，让被停职者得不到任何支持是不可接受的。停职的权力在管理机构和校产主手上。警方和儿童社会服务可以给意见，但不能要求学校停职一名员工。
Once suspension is agreed, written confirmation should follow within one working day, giving as much detail as appropriate about the reasons. Employers have a duty of care that goes beyond paperwork: minimising stress, informing the individual quickly, suggesting they contact a trade union representative or a colleague, appointing a named representative to keep them updated, and offering access to counselling or medical advice. The power to suspend is vested in the governing body or proprietor, and neither the police nor children's social care can require a suspension.
家长会知道什么：正式告知与保密边界
第 472 段对家长的规定是尽快正式告知，可以说到哪一步，由案件管理人与 LADO、警方和儿童社会服务商定。之后家长只被告知与自己孩子有关的那部分情况，不会拿到涉事员工的个人信息。家长还会被提醒一件事，调查期间要保密，不要扩散消息。这条提醒的依据是《2002 年教育法》第 141F 条，学校有责任把它讲清楚，而不是回避。家长往往觉得知道得太少，其实员工处罚走的是另一条程序。如果孩子在事件后需要支持，学校与地方儿童服务要安排上。孩子的意愿也要记录在案。
Parents or carers of the child involved should be formally told about the allegation as soon as possible, and what can be disclosed is agreed with the LADO, the police and children's social care. They are then kept informed only about their own child, never about the member of staff, and they are reminded that the law restricts publicity while an investigation is running. The safety arrangements for their child and the disciplinary process against an adult are deliberately kept separate.
匿名保护与报道限制
《2011 年教育法》修订了《2002 年教育法》，引入了报道限制。调查期间，任何人发布可能导致这名教师被识别的材料都属违法，法律明确列出的例外情形除外。这项保护只针对被同校学生或其代表指控的教师，其他员工不在保护范围内。限制在两种情况下解除：本人被起诉，或者国务大臣通过教学监管局公布调查或处理的信息。本人自己公开、书面同意公开，或者法院决定解除，限制同样不再适用。发布的形式包括社交媒体上的发言，家长把细节发到群里有可能违法。警务学院在 2017 年 5 月的授权专业做法里写明，警方一般不会在起诉前向媒体提供可识别身份的信息，例外情况要向治安法院申请。
The Education Act 2011 introduced reporting restrictions, making it an offence for anyone to publish material that could identify a teacher accused by, or on behalf of, a pupil at the same school. The restriction lasts until the person is charged or until the Secretary of State publishes information through the Teaching Regulation Agency, and it falls away if the individual waives anonymity or a court lifts it. Publication covers social media posts, so parents sharing details in a group chat can break the law.
五种结案口径与恶意指控
第 482 段给出五种必须使用的结案口径。substantiated 是有足够证据证明指控成立。malicious 是有足够证据否定指控，并且存在故意欺骗或者伤害被指控人的行为。false 是有足够证据否定指控。unsubstantiated 是证据既不足以证明也不足以否认，这个词不代表有罪，也不代表无罪。unfounded 是没有证据或者正当理由支持这项指控。用词之所以重要，是因为它决定记录怎么写、推荐信能不能写。如果指控被证明是故意捏造或者恶意，学校可以按自己的行为政策考虑对提出者采取纪律措施。第 489 段提醒了另一面，这时候也要想一想提出指控的孩子是否需要帮助，这可能是孩子在别处受虐发出的求助信号。
The guidance fixes five outcome words that schools must use: substantiated, malicious, false, unsubstantiated and unfounded. Unsubstantiated means the evidence neither proves nor disproves the allegation, so it is not a finding of guilt or innocence, while malicious requires evidence that the allegation was deliberately invented to deceive or cause harm. The wording matters because it decides what stays on file and what can appear in a reference.
结案之后：TRA与DBS转介、记录与推荐信
指控成立、当事人被解雇、辞职或者以其他方式停止提供服务时，两条转介义务会被触发。教学人员的案件，案件管理人必须考虑是否转介给教学监管局（TRA），由国务大臣决定要不要下禁令。所有受监管活动岗位的员工，只要雇主认为这个人伤害了孩子或者构成伤害风险，就有法定义务转介给 DBS，不转介属于刑事犯罪，依据是《2006 年保护弱势群体法》第 38 条。TRA 官网公布的 2025 至 2026 年度报告显示，这一年评估了 1422 件教师不当行为转介，举行 314 场专业行为小组听证，其中 214 名教师被禁止从教，另有 156 条临时禁令。员工离职不会终止调查。在有伤害风险的指控里用和解协议换沉默是不允许的，任何协议也不能免除 DBS 转介、TRA 转介和出具推荐信的义务。人事记录方面，恶意与虚假指控要移除，除非本人同意保留；其他结论要保留到当事人正常退休年龄，或者从指控当天算满十年，取更长的那个。虚假、无根据、未证实和恶意的指控不写进推荐信。
Where an allegation is substantiated and the person is dismissed, resigns or stops providing services, two referral duties are triggered. The case manager must consider a referral to the Teaching Regulation Agency, which reported 1,422 assessed misconduct referrals and 214 teachers prohibited in 2025-26, while the employer has a separate legal duty to refer to the Disclosure and Barring Service where it believes the person harmed a child or poses a risk of harm. Cases are not dropped because someone resigns, and a settlement agreement cannot buy silence where a child may be at risk.
低级别担忧：记录、模式与举报渠道
任何与员工行为准则不符、又没有达到伤害门槛的担忧都算低级别担忧，无论多小，哪怕只是心里隐隐不安。第 509 段举的例子包括过度亲近孩子、偏爱某个孩子、违反学校政策用手机给孩子拍照、在僻静处或者关着门与孩子一对一、让孩子当众难堪。所有低级别担忧都要书面记录，写清担忧内容、发生的情境和采取的行动，提出者要求匿名时要尽量尊重。记录要保密、安全保存并符合数据保护法，建议至少保留到当事人离职。记录要定期复核，看有没有反复出现的模式，一旦模式升级到伤害门槛，就转回第一节的路径。先报指定安保负责人（DSL）还是直接报校长由学校自己定，校长是最终决定者。员工也可以走举报渠道反映学校儿童保护做法上的问题；不方便内部反映时，NSPCC 举报热线 0800 028 0285 是官方给出的另一个入口。
A low-level concern is any concern, however small, that an adult's behaviour is inconsistent with the staff code of conduct and does not meet the harm threshold, and the guidance gives examples such as being overfriendly, having favourites, or photographing children on a personal phone against school policy. All low-level concerns must be recorded in writing with the context and the action taken, then reviewed so that patterns can be spotted and escalated if a pattern crosses the harm threshold. Staff who feel unable to raise a safeguarding failure internally can use the NSPCC whistleblowing advice line on 0800 028 0285.
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