📚 School Suspension and Expulsion: Grounds and Procedures | 学校停学与开除的适用情形与程序
Every year thousands of students in the UK and internationally are sent home for a fixed number of days or removed from their school permanently. These decisions are among the most serious a school can take, because they interrupt examination courses, separate students from support networks and can shape a young person's life chances for years. Yet suspension and expulsion are not simply matters of a headteacher's discretion: they are governed by statute, regulation, statutory guidance and the principles of natural justice, and a decision that breaches those rules can be overturned.
每年都有成千上万的学生在英国及世界各地被要求限期离校，或被永久性地从学校除名。这是学校能够作出的最严肃的决定之一，因为它会打断考试课程、切断学生与支持网络的联系，并可能在多年内影响一个年轻人的人生机会。然而，停学与开除并不只是校长的自由裁量事项：它们受到成文法、条例、法定指引以及自然正义原则的约束，一旦决定违反这些规则，就可能被撤销。
1. Key Terminology: Suspension, Exclusion and Related Measures | 核心术语：停学、开除及相关措施
In England the statutory language changed in 2022: what used to be called a "fixed-period exclusion" is now officially a "suspension". A suspension is temporary - the pupil is removed from school for a set number of school days and then returns. A permanent exclusion is the decision that the pupil should not return to that school at all, although the family may ask another school to admit them.
在英格兰，法定用语于 2022 年发生变化：过去称为"固定期限开除"的做法，现在正式称为"停学"（suspension）。停学是临时性的——学生被要求在规定数量的教学日内离校，期满后返校。永久开除则是指学生彻底不再返回该校的决定，尽管其家庭仍可申请其他学校接收。
Several other measures are frequently confused with exclusion and it is essential to keep them apart. Internal exclusion keeps the pupil on site but away from other pupils; an off-site direction places the pupil temporarily at another provider to improve behaviour; and a managed move is a planned transfer to a different school with the agreement of all parties.
还有其他几种措施常被与开除混淆，必须加以区分。校内隔离（internal exclusion）让学生仍留在校园内，但与其他学生分开；离校指令（off-site direction）为改善行为而将学生临时安排到其他教育机构；协议转学（managed move）则是在各方同意下有计划地转入另一所学校。
| Measure 措施 | Meaning 含义 | Recorded? 是否记录 |
| Suspension 停学 | Fixed number of school days off site 限期离校若干教学日 | Yes, on the exclusions register 是，计入开除登记册 |
| Permanent exclusion 永久开除 | Pupil does not return to that school 学生不再返校 | Yes 是 |
| Internal exclusion 校内隔离 | Pupil remains on site, isolated 学生留校但被隔离 | Not an exclusion, kept in school records 非开除，仅校内记录 |
| Informal "cooling off" 非正式"回家冷静" | Pupil sent home without procedure 未经程序被要求回家 | Unlawful 违法 |
Informal or unofficial exclusions - sending a pupil home to "cool off", asking parents to keep a child at home, or telling a family to withdraw a pupil voluntarily - are unlawful whenever the pupil is in fact excluded from school.
非正式或隐性的开除——例如让学生回家"冷静一下"、要求家长把孩子留在家里，或让家庭"自愿退学"——只要实质上构成开除，都是违法的。
2. The Legal Framework | 法律依据与规范体系
In England the governing provisions are sections 51 and 52 of the Education Act 2002, supported by the School Discipline (Pupil Exclusions and Reviews) (England) Regulations 2012. Together they make exclusion a statutory power of the headteacher, exercisable only on disciplinary grounds.
在英格兰，主要法律依据是《2002 年教育法》第 51 条和第 52 条，并辅以《2012 年学校纪律（学生开除与复核）（英格兰）条例》。二者共同将开除设定为校长的一项法定权力，且只能基于纪律理由行使。
The operative detail sits in statutory guidance, "Suspension and Permanent Exclusion from maintained schools, academies and pupil referral units in England, including pupil movement". This is not law in the strict sense, but headteachers, governing bodies and local authorities must have regard to it, and a failure to follow it is strong evidence that a decision was unreasonable.
具体操作细则载于法定指引《英格兰公立学校、学院与学生转介单位中的停学与永久开除（含学生流动）》。它在严格意义上不是法律，但校长、校董会与地方当局必须予以参照，未遵循该指引即构成决定不合理的有力证据。
Academies and free schools are not bound by the 2002 Act in the same way as maintained schools, but their funding agreements require them to follow the same guidance, so in practice the process is very similar. Independent schools operate under contract law and their own published policies, which must still be applied fairly.
学院制学校与自由学校并不以公立学校的方式受《2002 年教育法》约束，但其资助协议要求它们遵循同一指引，因此实际操作大同小异。私立学校则依据合同法与其自行公布的政策运作，但这些政策仍须公平地执行。
Three further layers sit on top: the Equality Act 2010, which prohibits discrimination and requires reasonable adjustments; the Special Educational Needs and Disability Code of Practice; and the common law principles of natural justice.
此外还有三层规则：禁止歧视并要求提供合理调整的《2010 年平等法》；《特殊教育需要与残障实施规程》；以及普通法上的自然正义原则。
Natural justice has two classic limbs: nemo iudex in causa sua - no one may judge their own cause - and audi alteram partem - hear the other side. In exclusion terms this means an impartial decision-maker and a real opportunity for the pupil and parents to put their case before a final decision is taken.
自然正义有两个经典要素：nemo iudex in causa sua——任何人不得审理与自己有关的案件；以及 audi alteram partem——必须听取对方陈述。就开除而言，这意味着决定者必须公正，且学生与家长在最终决定作出前必须获得真正陈述意见的机会。
Lawful Exclusion = Lawful Grounds + Fair Procedure + Proportionate Sanction
3. When Suspension Is Permitted | 停学的适用情形
A suspension may only be imposed for disciplinary reasons, and only by the headteacher (or an acting headteacher in their absence). It cannot be used to manage attendance problems, to remove a pupil who is pregnant, to punish a pupil for being bullied, or to solve a resourcing difficulty such as a shortage of staff.
停学只能基于纪律理由，且只能由校长（或校长缺席时的代理校长）作出。它不能用于处理出勤问题，不能用来排除怀孕的学生，不能因为学生遭受霸凌而惩罚该学生，也不能用来解决人手不足等资源问题。
The behaviour in question must be serious enough to justify removing the pupil from school. Minor or trivial incidents do not meet the threshold, and the sanction must be proportionate to the conduct, taking account of the pupil's age, previous record and any special educational needs.
相关行为必须严重到足以证明将该学生逐出学校是正当的。轻微或琐碎的事件达不到这一门槛，而且处分必须与行为相称，并考虑学生的年龄、以往表现以及是否存在特殊教育需要。
Typical grounds that schools rely on include:
学校通常援引的理由包括：
- Persistent or serious disruption of teaching and learning 持续或严重扰乱教学秩序
- Physical aggression, fighting or threatening behaviour 肢体攻击、斗殴或威胁行为
- Bullying, including online and cyberbullying 霸凌，包括网络霸凌
- Possession, use or supply of drugs, alcohol or tobacco 持有、使用或提供毒品、酒精或烟草
- Carrying an offensive weapon or a prohibited item 携带攻击性武器或违禁物品
- Deliberate damage to property or theft 故意损坏财物或盗窃
- Persistent defiance after a graduated series of sanctions 在分级处分之后仍持续对抗
- Serious dishonesty, such as falsifying evidence or exam malpractice 严重不诚实行为，如伪造证据或考试作弊
Behaviour outside school premises can also be sanctioned if it is reasonable to regulate it. This covers conduct on the way to and from school, on trips, and online behaviour that could adversely affect the school's reputation or the welfare of other pupils.
校外的行为若属于学校合理管辖的范畴，也可以受到处分。这包括上下学途中、校外活动中的行为，以及可能损害学校声誉或其他学生福祉的网络行为。
Schools may also suspend for a series of smaller incidents that cumulatively undermine discipline. This "last straw" approach is lawful provided the final incident is itself a genuine breach of the behaviour policy, even if a suspension would not normally have followed from it alone.
学校也可以因一系列较小事件累积破坏纪律而实施停学。这种"最后一根
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