📚 The Prevent Duty in UK Schools: Safeguarding Against Radicalisation | 英国学校须履行的防极端化安全保护职责
Since July 2015, every school in England, Wales and Scotland has been under a legal duty to have 'due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism'. This is the Prevent duty, and it sits inside the wider safeguarding framework that protects children from harm. For teachers, designated safeguarding leads, governors and students of education policy, the duty raises practical questions: what does the law actually demand, what evidence must a school be able to produce, and where is the line between protection and over-reporting? This article sets out the statutory basis, the operational requirements, the common pitfalls and the compliance checklist that schools are judged against.
自2015年7月起，英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的每一所学校都负有法定义务，"对防止人们被卷入恐怖主义之必要予以应有考虑"。这就是"预防职责"（Prevent duty），它被置于保护儿童免受伤害的更广泛安全保护框架之内。对教师、指定安全保护负责人（DSL）、校董，以及学习教育政策的学生而言，这一职责带来一系列现实问题：法律究竟要求什么？学校必须能够拿出哪些证据？保护与过度报告之间的界线在哪里？本文系统梳理法律依据、操作要求、常见误区，以及学校被评估时所依据的合规清单。
1. The Statutory Basis: Section 26 of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 | 法律依据：《2015年反恐与安全法》第26条
The Prevent duty is not guidance or good practice: it is a statutory obligation created by section 26 of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015. It applies to 'specified authorities', a list that includes maintained schools, academies, independent schools, sixth-form colleges, further education colleges and registered childcare providers. The wording is that a specified authority must have 'due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism'. Separate accompanying guidance is published for Scotland, while England and Wales share one document.
预防职责不是指引或良好做法，而是由《2015年反恐与安全法》第26条创设的法定义务。它适用于"特定主管机构"，该清单包括公立学校、学院制学校（academies）、私立学校、预科学校、继续教育学院以及注册托育机构。条文表述为：特定主管机构必须"对防止人们被卷入恐怖主义之必要予以应有考虑"。苏格兰另行发布配套指引，英格兰与威尔士则共用同一份文件。
The phrase 'due regard' matters. It is a proportionality duty, not an absolute duty to stop all radicalisation. Schools are expected to weigh the risk, take reasonable and proportionate steps, and be able to demonstrate that the duty was actively considered rather than ignored. In practice, compliance is judged on process and evidence: a written risk assessment, trained staff, a clear referral route, and recorded decisions.
"应有考虑"这一表述十分关键。它是一项比例性义务，而非"必须阻止一切激进化"的绝对义务。学校应权衡风险、采取合理且相称的措施，并能够证明该职责被积极考虑而非被忽视。在实践中，合规与否取决于流程与证据：书面风险评估、受过培训的员工、清晰的转介路径，以及留有记录的决策过程。
due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism (CTSA 2015, s26)
Related criminal law sits behind the duty. The Terrorism Act 2000 defines terrorism (s1) and creates offences of possessing articles for terrorist purposes (s57) and collecting information likely to be useful to a terrorist (s58). The Terrorism Act 2006 covers encouragement of terrorism (s1) and dissemination of terrorist publications (s2). The Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Act 2019 added an offence of obtaining or viewing material likely to be useful to a terrorist online, sometimes called the 'three clicks' offence.
该职责背后还有相关刑法。2000年《反恐法》界定了恐怖主义（第1条），并规定了为恐怖主义目的持有物品罪（第57条）与收集可能对恐怖分子有用的信息罪（第58条）。2006年《反恐法》涵盖鼓励恐怖主义（第1条）与传播恐怖主义出版物（第2条）。2019年《反恐与边境安全法》新增了在网上获取或浏览可能对恐怖分子有用之材料的罪名，有时被称为"三次点击"罪。
2. CONTEST, Prevent and Channel: How the Strategy Fits Together | 战略框架：CONTEST、Prevent 与 Channel 的关系
The Prevent duty is one strand of CONTEST, the UK's counter-terrorism strategy. CONTEST has four workstreams, and schools mainly interact with Prevent, while Channel provides the early-intervention mechanism for individuals identified as being at risk of radicalisation.
预防职责是英国反恐战略 CONTEST 的一个组成部分。CONTEST 分为四大工作支柱，学校主要与 Prevent 支柱打交道，而 Channel 则为被认定存在激进化风险的个人提供早期干预机制。
| Strand | 支柱 | Core purpose | 核心目的 |
|---|---|
| Pursue | 追查 | Detect, investigate and disrupt terrorist threats | 侦测、调查并瓦解恐怖威胁 |
| Prevent | 预防 | Stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism | 阻止人们成为恐怖分子或支持恐怖主义 |
| Protect | 保护 | Strengthen protection against terrorist attack | 加强对恐怖袭击的防护 |
| Prepare | 准备 | Mitigate the impact of an attack when it occurs | 在袭击发生时减轻其影响 |
Prevent itself has three strategic objectives: to respond to the ideological challenge of terrorism, to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism by providing support to those most at risk, and to work with sectors and institutions where the risk of radicalisation is assessed to be highest - education, health, faith, charity and online. Schools are therefore treated as a key partner sector rather than a passive bystander.
Prevent 本身有三大战略目标：回应恐怖主义的意识形态挑战；通过为风险最高者提供支持，防止人们被卷入恐怖主义；与经评估激进化风险最高的行业与机构合作——包括教育、医疗、宗教、慈善与网络领域。因此，学校被视为关键合作部门，而非被动的旁观者。
Channel is the voluntary, multi-agency safeguarding programme that sits under Prevent. A referral does not create a criminal record. A local authority-led panel, including police, education, health, social care and youth offending representatives, decides whether an individual needs a support package such as mentoring, counselling, educational or ideological intervention. Schools have a duty under section 30 of the 2015 Act to co-operate with Channel panels.
Channel 是隶属于 Prevent 的自愿性、多机构安全保护项目。被转介不会产生犯罪记录。由地方政府主导的小组（成员包括警方、教育、医疗、社会照护与青少年司法代表）决定该个人是否需要支持方案，例如辅导、心理咨询、教育或意识形态层面的干预。根据2015年《反恐与安全法》第30条，学校有义务配合 Channel 小组。
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