📚 Special Arrangements Evidence: How to Prepare School and Medical Documentation | 特殊安排需要的证明材料：学校证明与医疗证据怎么准备
Every exam series, thousands of candidates sit GCSE, IGCSE, A-Level and IB papers with special arrangements: extra time, a reader, a scribe, rest breaks, a separate room or modified papers. The arrangements themselves are usually easy to organise. The hard part is the paperwork. In most cases the decision rests on two evidence streams: school evidence, which proves the arrangement is the candidate's normal way of working, and medical or diagnostic evidence, which proves there is a genuine, current need. This guide explains exactly what each document should contain, who should write it, when to collect it, and why applications are rejected.
每一场考试季，都有成千上万的考生带着特殊安排参加 GCSE、IGCSE、A-Level 和 IB 考试：加时、朗读员、代笔员、休息时间、单独考场或调整版试卷。安排本身通常不难组织，难的是证明材料。多数情况下，决定成败的是两类证据：学校证明，用来证明该安排是考生的"常规工作方式"；医疗或诊断证据，用来证明需求真实且当前存在。本文将说明每份材料应包含什么、由谁出具、何时收集，以及申请被驳回的常见原因。
1. What Are Special Arrangements? | 什么是特殊考试安排
Special arrangements, formally called access arrangements and reasonable adjustments, are changes to the normal conditions of an examination. They exist to remove a barrier caused by a disability, difficulty or medical condition, so that the candidate can demonstrate what they actually know. They are not a reward, and they must never give the candidate an unfair advantage over others. Typical arrangements include 25% extra time, a reader or computer reader, a scribe or speech-recognition software, a word processor, supervised rest breaks, a separate room, a prompter, a practical assistant, and modified papers such as enlarged print or coloured paper.
特殊考试安排（正式名称是"考试准入安排与合理调整"）是指对考试常规条件的修改。它的目的是消除由残障、学习困难或疾病造成的障碍，让考生能够展示自己真正掌握的知识。它不是奖励，也绝不能给考带来不公平的优势。常见安排包括 25% 加时、朗读员或电脑朗读软件、代笔员或语音识别软件、文字处理机、有监督的休息时间、单独考场、提示员、实操助理，以及放大字号、彩色纸等调整版试卷。
Some arrangements change how the paper is presented, some change how answers are recorded, and some change the timing or the environment. Each type is judged separately. A candidate who needs a separate room does not automatically need extra time, and a candidate with extra time does not automatically qualify for a word processor. Evidence must match the specific arrangement requested.
有些安排改变试卷的呈现方式，有些改变作答方式，有些改变时间或环境。每一类都要单独评估。需要单独考场的考生不一定需要加时；获得加时的考生也不自动获得使用文字处理机的资格。证明材料必须与所申请的具体安排一一对应。
2. The Two Evidence Streams: School and Medical | 两类证据：学校证明与医疗证据
School evidence comes from inside the centre. It includes teacher statements, provision maps, individual education plans, SEN registers, records of in-class support, reading and spelling ages, handwriting samples, and results from internal mock exams taken under the requested arrangements. Its job is to answer one question: is this the candidate's normal way of working, used routinely in class, in homework and in internal tests?
学校证明来自学校内部，包括教师陈述、支持计划表、个别教育计划（IEP）、特殊教育需求登记、课堂支持记录、阅读与拼写年龄、书写样本，以及在使用该安排条件下进行的校内模拟考试成绩。它的作用是回答一个问题：这是不是考生的"常规工作方式"？也就是说，是否在课堂、作业和校内测试中一贯使用？
Medical evidence comes from outside the centre, from a qualified professional such as a GP, consultant, psychiatrist, paediatrician, clinical psychologist, occupational therapist or audiologist. Its job is to establish the diagnosis or condition, its functional impact on examinations, and the arrangements that follow from it. The two streams are complementary. A medical letter alone rarely proves normal way of working, and a teacher's opinion alone cannot establish a medical diagnosis.
医疗证据来自校外，由合格专业人员出具，例如全科医生、专科医生、精神科医生、儿科医生、临床心理学家、职业治疗师或听力学家。它的作用是确认诊断或病情、说明对考试的功能性影响，以及由此需要的安排。两类证据互为补充：仅有医疗信件通常无法证明"常规工作方式"，仅凭教师意见也无法构成医学诊断。
3. Who Decides and Which Rules Apply? | 谁来决定，适用哪套规则？
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the Joint Council for Qualifications (JCQ) publishes the regulations that centres must follow for GCSE and A-Level. Scotland follows SQA rules, and international candidates may fall under Cambridge International, Pearson Edexcel International or IB regulations. The head of centre is legally responsible for approving arrangements, and many applications are submitted online through the JCQ Access Arrangements Online system by a set deadline. Some arrangements are centre-delegated, meaning the school can approve them itself, provided the evidence is on file.
在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，JCQ（联合资格委员会）发布中心必须遵守的 GCSE 与 A-Level 规则；苏格兰适用 SQA 规则；国际考生可能适用剑桥国际、培生爱德思国际或 IB 的规定。校长（中心负责人）对批准安排负法律责任，许多申请需在截止日期前通过 JCQ 的 Access Arrangements Online 系统在线提交。部分安排属于"中心可自行决定"类，学校只要有证据存档即可批准。
It is important not to confuse access arrangements with special consideration. Access arrangements are agreed before the exam and change the conditions of the assessment. Special consideration is applied for after the exam, when a candidate has been affected by illness, bereavement or another unforeseen event at the time of sitting. Both may require documentation, but they are separate processes with separate deadlines.
务必区分"考试安排"与"特殊考虑"（special consideration）。前者在考试前商定，改变考试条件；后者在考试后申请，用于考生在考试期间受到疾病、丧亲或其他突发事件影响的情况。二者都可能需要材料，但是相互独立的流程，截止时间也不同。
4. Core Principles: Normal Way of Working and History of Need | 核心原则：常规工作方式与需求历史
Two phrases decide most applications. The first is normal way of working: the candidate must already use the arrangement routinely. Granting a reader for the first time in the final exams, when the candidate has never used one in class, is a strong indicator that the request is not about need but about maximising marks. The second is history of need: evidence should show that the difficulty has existed over time and has not simply appeared three weeks before the exam.
两个关键词决定大多数申请的结果。第一是"常规工作方式"：考生必须已经惯常使用该安排。如果考生平时从未在课堂上使用朗读员，却在毕业考试前第一次申请，这强烈说明该请求不是为了满足需求，而是为了多拿分。第二是"需求历史"：证据应显示该困难长期存在，而不是考试前三周才突然出现。
Judges of evidence also look for independent confirmation and specificity. A statement such as "X struggles with reading" is weak; "X reads 92 words per minute with 78% accuracy, whereas the year group average is 150 words per minute" is strong. Objective, dated, measurable information beats general description every time.
评审证据时还会看独立确认和具体性。"某学生阅读困难"这类说法很弱；"该生每分钟阅读 92 词，准确率 78%，而同年级平均为每分钟 150 词"则很有力。客观、有日期、可量化的信息永远胜过笼统的描述。
Strength = Normal Way of Working × History of Need × Independent Professional Confirmation
证据强度 = 常规工作方式 × 需求历史 × 独立专业确认
Notice the multiplication signs. If any one factor is zero, the whole product is zero. A perfect medical letter cannot rescue an application where the arrangement has never been used in class, and years of classroom use cannot rescue an application where the underlying need has never been assessed or documented.
注意这里是乘号。任何一项为零，整体结果就是零。再完美的医疗证明也无法挽救"课堂上从未使用过该安排"的申请；多年课堂使用记录也无法挽救"根本需求从未被评估或记录"的申请。
5. School Evidence: What It Must Show | 学校证明应包含什么
School evidence should be written by the people who teach the candidate, not copied from a template. Subject teachers should describe what they observe in lessons and in assessments: how long the candidate takes to read a question paper, whether they finish under timed conditions, whether handwriting becomes illegible after twenty minutes, whether they lose their place when reading, and how they perform with and without the arrangement.
学校证明应由真正教过该考生的教师撰写，而不是套用模板。学科教师应描述课堂与测评中的实际观察：考生读题需要多久、限时条件下能否完成、书写是否在二十分钟后变得难以辨认、阅读时是否容易跳行，以及在有该安排和没有该安排时的表现差异。
A strong school evidence pack usually contains the following:
一份有力的学校证据包通常包含以下内容：
- A signed, dated statement from each relevant subject teacher, on school letterhead, with the teacher's role and contact details. 各相关学科教师签署并注明日期的陈述，使用学校信头纸，注明职务与联系方式。
- Copies of provision maps, individual education plans, SEN support records or an EHCP, showing when support started. 支持计划表、个别教育计划、特殊教育需求支持记录或 EHCP 的副本，显示支持从何时开始。
- Internal test and mock exam data, clearly stating which arrangements were used in each assessment. 校内测试与模拟考试数据，明确说明每次测评使用了哪些安排。
- Reading, spelling and handwriting samples, with dates and, where available, standardised scores. 阅读、拼写与书写样本，注明日期，并尽可能提供标准化分数。
- A chronology: a one-page timeline of concern, referral, assessment and provision. 时间轴：一页纸概括"发现困难—转介—评估—提供支持"的时间线。
- A statement from the SENCo or Access Arrangements Coordinator explaining how the arrangement is delivered in practice. 由 SENCo 或考试安排协调员出具的说明，解释该安排在实践中如何落实。
Every document should be dated and signed. Undated letters are one of the most common causes of delay, because the centre cannot show when the need was first identified.
所有文件都应注明日期并签名。没有日期的信件是最常见的延误原因之一，因为学校无法证明需求最早是何时被识别的。
6. Medical Evidence: When It Is Needed and What Counts | 医疗证据：何时需要，什么才算有效
Medical evidence is essential where the barrier has a medical or clinical basis. Examples include ADHD, autism spectrum conditions, epilepsy, diabetes, Crohn's disease, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, visual or hearing impairment, and mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression or OCD. A temporary condition, such as a broken arm, a concussion or a period of hospital treatment, also requires medical evidence dated close to the examination.
当障碍具有医学或临床基础时，医疗证据是必需的。例如注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、自闭谱系状况、癫痫、糖尿病、克罗恩病、慢性疲劳、慢性疼痛、视力或听力障碍，以及焦虑、抑郁、强迫症等心理健康问题。暂时性情况，如手臂骨折、脑震荡或住院治疗，同样需要医疗证据，且日期应接近考试时间。
Acceptable sources include a hospital consultant, a GP, a psychiatrist, a paediatrician, a specialist nurse, an occupational therapist, an audiologist, an orthoptist or a clinical psychologist. Letters from a family member, even a medically qualified one, and letters from practitioners who have not assessed the candidate are not acceptable. The document should normally be typed on headed paper, signed, dated, and include the professional's registration or licence number.
可接受的来源包括医院专科医生、全科医生、精神科医生、儿科医生、专科护士、职业治疗师、听力学家、视能训练师或临床心理学家。由家庭成员出具的信件（即使其本人具备医学资质），以及从未评估过考生的从业者出具的信件，都不被接受。文件通常应打印在信头纸上，签名并注明日期，并包含从业者的注册号或执业编号。
A useful medical letter answers six questions:
一份有用的医疗信件应回答六个问题：
- What is the diagnosis or condition, and when was it confirmed? 诊断或病情是什么，何时确诊？
- Where relevant, what is the clinical code (ICD-11 or DSM-5)? 如适用，临床编码是什么（ICD-11 或 DSM-5）？
- How does the condition affect reading, writing, concentration, stamina or communication in a timed exam? 该状况如何影响限时考试中的阅读、书写、注意力、耐力或沟通？
- What treatment or support is currently in place? 目前正在采取什么治疗或支持？
- What arrangements does the clinician recommend, and why? 临床医生建议哪些安排，理由是什么？
- Is the condition stable, fluctuating or deteriorating? 病情是稳定、波动还是恶化？
JCQ guidance expects medical evidence to be current. In practice, centres are advised to obtain a letter dated within the last two years, and to request an updated letter whenever the condition changes or a new arrangement is added. Lifelong conditions still need up-to-date confirmation of functional impact.
JCQ 指引要求医疗证据保持时效性。实践中，学校通常被建议取得近两年内出具的信件，并在病情变化或新增安排时重新索取更新版本。即使是终身性疾病，也需要最新的功能性影响说明。
7. Assessment Reports: Qualified Assessors and Required Content | 评估报告：合格评估者与必备内容
Where the difficulty is specific learning related, such as dyslexia or dysgraphia, the key document is usually a diagnostic assessment report. This must be carried out by a suitably qualified assessor: an educational psychologist registered with the HCPC, a specialist teacher or assessor holding a current Assessment Practising Certificate (APC), or another professional recognised in the relevant regulations.
如果困难属于特定学习障碍，例如阅读障碍或书写障碍，关键文件通常是诊断性评估报告。该报告必须由具备相应资质的评估者完成：在 HCPC 注册的教育心理学家、持有有效评估执业证书（APC）的特殊教育教师或评估师，或相关法规认可的其他专业人员。
The report should include the candidate's date of birth and age at assessment, the date of assessment, the tests used with full names and editions, standardised scores and percentiles, and a clear conclusion linking the findings to the requested arrangements. Scores reported only as raw marks or reading ages are of limited use; standardised scores with percentiles allow the centre to judge whether performance is significantly below average for the candidate's age.
报告应包含考生的出生日期与评估时的年龄、评估日期、所用测验的完整名称与版本、标准化分数与百分位，以及将结果与所申请安排明确联系起来的结论。只报告原始分数或阅读年龄用处有限；标准化分数加百分位才能让学校判断该表现是否显著低于同龄平均水平。
One common misunderstanding is worth stating plainly: a diagnosis does not automatically produce an arrangement. A candidate may have a confirmed diagnosis and still not qualify for extra time, because the assessment shows that processing and writing speed are within the average range. Conversely, a candidate may qualify without a formal diagnosis if the functional evidence is strong and the arrangement is the normal way of working. Evidence of impact matters more than the label.
有一个常见误解值得明确指出：诊断本身不会自动带来安排。考生可能已有确诊，却因为评估显示加工速度与书写速度处于平均水平而无法获得加时；反之，如果功能性证据充分且该安排是常规工作方式，即使没有正式诊断也可能获批。影响的证据比标签更重要。
8. Matching Evidence to the Arrangement | 把证据与具体安排对应起来
Different arrangements require different evidence. The table below shows what centres typically expect to hold on file. Exact requirements vary by awarding body and by year, so always check the current regulations before submitting.
不同安排需要不同证据。下表列出学校通常需要存档的材料。具体要求会因考试局和年份不同而变化，提交前务必核对当年最新规定。
| Arrangement 安排 | Typical evidence 常见证据 |
|---|---|
| 25% extra time 加时 25% | Standardised assessment showing significantly below average processing, reading or writing speed, plus teacher evidence and records of routine use 标准化评估显示加工、阅读或书写速度显著低于平均，加教师证明与常规使用记录 |
| Reader or computer reader 朗读员或电脑朗读 | Standardised reading accuracy and comprehension scores, plus evidence the reader is used routinely 标准化阅读准确性与理解分数，加惯常使用证据 |
| Scribe or speech recognition 代笔或语音识别 | Standardised handwriting or writing speed scores, or medical evidence of a physical condition 标准化书写或书写速度分数，或身体疾病的医疗证据 |
| Supervised rest breaks 有监督的休息 | Medical, sensory or mental health evidence describing stamina, pain or concentration limits 描述耐力、疼痛或注意力限制的医疗、感官或心理健康证据 |
| Separate room 单独考场 | Documented medical, sensory or anxiety-related need, plus evidence of routine practice 有记录的医疗、感官或焦虑相关需求，加惯常做法证据 |
| Word processor 文字处理机 | Handwriting difficulty evidenced by speed and legibility data, plus keyboard fluency 以速度与可读性数据证明书写困难，加键盘输入熟练度 |
| Modified papers 调整版试卷 | Optometric or orthoptic report, or evidence of visual stress and the precise modification needed 验光或视能报告，或视觉压力证据及所需的具体修改 |
| Prompter or practical assistant 提示员或实操助理 | Medical or specialist report with clear supervision and safety requirements 含明确监督与安全要求的医疗或专业报告 |
Note how often the phrase "plus evidence of routine use" appears. Medical or diagnostic evidence establishes the need; school evidence establishes that the need has been met in the same way throughout the course.
请注意"加惯常使用证据"这句话出现得多么
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