普思考试 CEFR 与 CSE 九级量表 技能临界分
同一份英语成绩单上，可能同时印着两套标准的等级。一套是欧洲语言共同参考框架，也就是 CEFR；另一套是中国英语能力等级量表，简称 CSE。普思考试是目前少数与这两套标准都完成对接的考试之一，成绩报告既给分数，也给等级。这篇把对接关系的来龙去脉讲清楚，包括两套标准各自的结构、官方公布的临界分表，以及考生和学校怎么用这些等级。读完以后，你应该能看懂成绩单上的每一行，也能判断某个分数到底代表什么水平。
One English score report can carry two sets of levels at once. The first is the Common European Framework of Reference, better known as CEFR; the second is China's Standards of English Language Ability, or CSE. Aptis is among the few tests linked to both, so its report shows scores and levels side by side. This article sets out what the linking actually says, how the two standards differ, and how candidates and schools can use the published cut scores.
普思考试的五个版本与适用对象
普思考试由英国文化教育协会研发，是一项主要供院校机构使用的国际英语测评工具。它和雅思出自同一家机构，定位却不同：雅思考生个人报名，普思更多由学校、院系或用人单位统一组织。据英国文化教育协会官网介绍，普思面市以来已有超过 180 万人次在 85 个国家和地区参加。官网列出的版本共五个，分别是通用版、青少版、青少进阶版、教师版和进阶版，各版本难度与测试内容不同。官方指导价是 699 元，不同版本与模块组合的价格并不相同，具体报价要通过机构的客户经理确认。很多学生以为普思只有一个版本，报名时才发现自己考的是青少版或教师版。
Aptis is a multilevel English test developed by the British Council and delivered mainly through institutions rather than by individual registration, which is where it parts company with IELTS. The official site lists five versions: General, for Teens, Teens Advanced, for Teachers and Advanced, each pitched at a different difficulty and aimed at a different group. Since launch, more than 1.8 million candidates in 85 countries and territories have taken the test, and the official guide price in China is 699 yuan, with final quotations depending on the version and module combination chosen.
语言知识加听说读写：模块结构与时长
普思的模块分两类。一类是核心模块语言知识，考的是语法与词汇；另一类是听力、阅读、口语和写作四个技能模块，机构可以按需任选一个或多个组合。以通用版为例，语言知识 25 分钟 50 道题，听力 40 分钟 25 题，阅读 35 分钟四个部分，写作 50 分钟四个部分，口语 12 分钟四个部分。语言知识只报告 0 到 50 的分数，不给出等级；听、说、读、写四项既报分数，也报对应的 CEFR 等级。四项全考时，报告会给出四技能的总分和一个总等级。常见的错误是只盯着总等级，忽略单项等级，最后看不出自己究竟是听力弱还是写作弱。
The test combines a core grammar and vocabulary component with four skills modules that an institution can mix and match. In Aptis General, grammar and vocabulary runs 25 minutes over 50 questions, listening 40 minutes over 25 questions, reading 35 minutes across four parts, writing 50 minutes across four parts, and speaking 12 minutes across four parts. Grammar and vocabulary is reported only as a score out of 50, while every skill taken earns both a score and a CEFR level; candidates who sit all four also receive a total score and an overall level.
CEFR 等级：成绩报告上的国际标尺
CEFR 是欧洲语言共同参考框架的缩写，把语言能力分为 A1 到 C 的若干档。普思的成绩报告会写明每个技能对应的 CEFR 等级，四项都考时再给一个总等级。这套等级的好处是跨国家、跨考试都能读懂，学校看到 B1，大致就知道学生能用英语做什么。要注意的是，普思报告里的最高档写作 C，而不是写 C2，这与一些其他考试的标注方式不同。很多学生以为 CEFR 等级按分数段固定换算，其实每个技能等级的临界分由对接研究确定，技能之间并不一样。CEFR 等级要配合该等级的描述语一起读，只看字母容易误判。
CEFR stands for the Common European Framework of Reference, which grades language ability from A1 up to C. An Aptis report states the CEFR level of each skill taken and adds an overall level once all four are completed; note that the top band appears as C rather than C2, a labelling convention that differs from some other tests. The real value of these labels is portability, because a school can read B1 without knowing how the test itself is scored. Level descriptors matter more than the letters, since the cut scores behind each label vary from one skill to the next.
CSE 的九级与三个阶段
CSE 是中国英语能力等级量表的英文简称，由教育部考试中心起草，经国家语委语言文字规范标准审定委员会审定，由教育部与国家语言文字工作委员会发布。教育部办公厅 2018 年 4 月印发通知，该项语言文字规范自 2018 年 6 月 1 日起正式实施，英译版在 2018 年 12 月 1 日发布。量表把英语能力从低到高分成基础、提高、熟练三个阶段，共设九个等级。除了语言能力总表，还有听力理解、阅读理解、口头表达、书面表达、组构、语用等分项量表，口译与笔译能力单独成表。教育部官网写得很清楚：量表不是教学大纲，也不是考试大纲，九个等级并不是对学生的强制性要求。
CSE is the short name for China's Standards of English Language Ability, drafted by the National Education Examinations Authority and released by the Ministry of Education together with the National Language Commission. It took effect as a national language standard on 1 June 2018, with the English version published on 1 December 2018, and it divides ability into three broad stages and nine levels. Alongside the overall scale sit separate descriptors for listening, reading, speaking, writing, grammar and discourse, and pragmatics, with translation and interpreting given their own scales. The ministry's own website stresses that it is neither a syllabus nor an exam syllabus.
两套标准的差别在哪里
两套标准要解决的问题并不一样。CEFR 是跨国参考框架，档位从 A1 到 C，描述一般语言使用者在不同场景里能做什么；CSE 面向中国英语学习者，等级有九级，并且把口译与笔译单独列进量表。CSE 的分项也更细，语用能力、组构能力和学习策略都各自成表。所以一个学生说自己到了 CSE 六级，不等于说他的 CEFR 等级一定落在某一固定档位，官方并没有给出逐级换算表。能查到的官方对应关系，是考试分数与 CSE 等级的临界分，比如普思听力多少分算 CSE 四级。这一步最容易混淆的地方，就是把两套标准直接当成同一把尺子。
The two standards answer different questions. CEFR is an international reference framework whose bands run from A1 to C, describing what a general language user can do across a range of situations, whereas CSE is written for Chinese learners and carries nine levels, adding interpreting and translation to the picture. CSE also breaks ability into finer strands such as pragmatic competence and discourse competence. What the official documents actually publish is a set of cut scores linking test results to CSE levels, not a level-by-level conversion between the two standards, so a CSE level should not be read as a fixed CEFR band.
对接研究的起点：2016 年 12 月 6 日
对接工作的起点是一份中英合作文件。2016 年 12 月 6 日，中英两国教育部长签署《中英教育合作伙伴框架行动计划》，确定由教育部考试中心与英国文化教育协会合作开展雅思、普思与中国英语能力等级量表的对接研究。英国文化教育协会官网的表述是，根据 2016 年底两国教育部长签署的行动计划开展这项合作。两年之后，普思成为首个既与 CEFR 等级对接、又与中国英语能力等级量表对接的考试。这一点对考生有实际意义：同一份成绩单上能同时出现国际标准与国内标准的等级。很多学生以为对接只是一句宣传语，其实它对应着一张有具体数字的临界分表。
The linking work began with a Sino-UK agreement signed on 6 December 2016 by the two countries' education ministers, which named the National Education Examinations Authority and the British Council as partners for aligning IELTS and Aptis with CSE. That project made Aptis the first test linked both to CEFR and to China's own scale, and it explains why a single report can carry an international band and a domestic level together. The outcome is not marketing language; it is a published table of cut scores with specific numbers attached.
研究过程：专家判断加实证数据
研究项目在 2017 年初正式启动，历时两年完成。团队成员来自教育部考试中心、中国高校、英国文化教育协会以及剑桥大学考试委员会。方法上采用专家判断与实证数据相结合，多渠道收集校验证据，而不是简单地把分数按区间切开。研究期间，全国多个地区的专家学者、一线教师和学生都参与了数据收集与讨论。2019 年 1 月，教育部考试中心发布对接研究结果，同时写明下一步会继续收集效度证据，随着量表推广与考试发展及时更新。换句话说，这张临界分表不是一次定死，将来会修订。
The project started in early 2017 and took two years, drawing on experts from the National Education Examinations Authority, Chinese universities, the British Council and Cambridge Assessment. Rather than slicing score ranges by rule of thumb, the team combined expert judgement with empirical data and gathered validation evidence from several sources, with teachers and students from different regions contributing to the process. The results published in January 2019 came with a commitment to keep collecting validity evidence and to update the linking as both the scale and the tests develop.
普思听力与阅读的临界分
官方结果给出的是各技能达到某个 CSE 等级的临界分，先看听力和阅读。听力方面，14 分达到 CSE 三级，21 分四级，29 分五级，37 分六级，43 分七级。阅读方面，16 分三级，26 分四级，35 分五级，42 分六级，46 分七级。从三级往上每跨一级，需要增加的分差并不固定，阅读前几级的跨度比听力更大。研究范围只覆盖 CSE 的三级到七级，最低与最高几级没有给出普思的临界分。常见的错误是看到 14 分就以为 14 分是及格线，其实那只是 CSE 三级的起点。
The published results spell out the cut score at which each skill reaches a given CSE level, starting with the two receptive skills. Listening thresholds are 14, 21, 29, 37 and 43 for CSE levels three to seven, while reading requires 16, 26, 35, 42 and 46 on the same sequence. Those gaps are anything but uniform, and reading asks for a wider jump at the lower levels than listening does. The study deliberately covers only CSE levels three to seven, so no Aptis cut scores exist for the remaining levels.
普思口语与写作的临界分
口语的门槛比听力高一些：21 分对应 CSE 三级，29 分四级，37 分五级，43 分六级，47 分七级。写作的要求更高，22 分三级，31 分四级，39 分五级，45 分六级，满分 50 分才对应七级。也就是说，写作想拿到 CSE 七级，几乎没有丢分空间。同一位考生四个技能拿到一样的分数，对应的 CSE 等级很可能不同，写作往往落在最低一档。这一点在分班和招聘里经常被忽略，机构只写一个总分要求，考生容易误判自己的薄弱项。
Speaking asks for 21, 29, 37, 43 and 47, while writing demands 22, 31, 39, 45 and a full 50 for CSE level seven, which leaves almost no room for lost marks. Because the four skills carry different cut scores, one candidate's identical scores can map onto different CSE levels, and writing usually lands lowest of the four. That mismatch is easy to miss when an institution publishes only a single overall requirement, and it can lead candidates to misjudge their weakest skill.
总等级怎么算
教育部考试中心给出的解读建议写得很直接：考试总成绩与量表的对应等级，取各技能成绩对应等级的平均值。也就是说，先分别得出听力、阅读、口语、写作各自的 CSE 等级，再取平均，而不是先把四项分数加起来除以四。这个先后顺序会带来差别，因为各技能的临界分本来就不一样。同一份建议还强调，各技能成绩及其对应等级应与总成绩一并呈现，不要只报一个总等级。学校如果用普思做分班，按单项等级分组比按总等级分组更准确。很多学生以为平均分算出来就没事了，实际上单项等级才是教学决策的依据。
The official interpretation note is explicit: the overall CSE level is the average of the levels reached by the individual skills, not an average of raw scores converted afterwards. Because each skill has its own cut scores, the order of these two steps changes the answer. The same note asks that skill-level results be reported alongside the overall level, which matters whenever a result is used for class placement or selection.
成绩报告的应用建议
官方给出的应用建议分成三类对象。已经考过试的学习者，建议对照 CSE 对应等级的描述语，找出自己的优势与不足，把下一步目标写具体。尚未参加考试的学习者，可以先用描述语做自我评价，再决定报哪一项考试、怎么安排考试时间。教育机构可以参照对接结果与能力描述制定培养目标，从分数导向转向能力导向，并据此改进教材和课堂活动设计。学校与用人单位则可以用等级描述来确定招生或招聘的分数要求。2019 年 9 月，英国文化教育协会公布成绩报告将体现四项成绩对应的 CSE 等级，青少版与青少进阶版的阅读成绩还会给出蓝思指数。
The official guidance splits users into learners, institutions and score users. Learners are advised to read the descriptors for their CSE level, use them for self-assessment before deciding which test to take, and set goals from what they can actually do. Institutions and employers are invited to turn those descriptors into entry requirements, so that a requirement reads as a level of ability rather than a bare number pulled from a table.
常见的几种误读
最后几种误读值得单独说清。临界分不是及格线，低于 CSE 三级不代表考试没通过，报告仍然会给等级。两套标准不能逐级换算，CSE 七级不等于 CEFR 的某一固定档位，能查到的只是分数与 CSE 等级的对应。研究范围也有边界，普思对接只覆盖 CSE 三至七级，更高的两级没有普思临界分。教育部考试中心在 2019 年 1 月的说明里写明，会随量表推广与考试发展及时更新对接结果。看清这几条，成绩单上的两行等级才真正有用。
A few readings account for most of the confusion. A cut score is not a pass mark, and a result below CSE level three still earns a reported level. The two standards are not convertible level by level, since what has been published links test scores to CSE levels rather than one scale to the other. The linking is also bounded and revisable, with Aptis covering CSE levels three to seven, and the authority has said the results will be updated as the scale and the tests evolve.
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