SEND准则 0至25岁 适用机构 学校学院 卫生
英国的特殊教育需要与残障体系（Special educational needs and disabilities，简称 SEND）由一份统管全年龄段的法定文件收拢，官方名称是《特殊教育需要与残障行为准则：0 至 25 岁》（Special educational needs and disability code of practice: 0 to 25 years），平时简称 SEND 准则，也有学校直接叫它「0 至 25 准则」。它由英国教育部（Department for Education，DfE）在 2015 年 1 月发布，2015 年 4 月 1 日起生效，替代了 2001 年的旧版准则。很多学生以为这份文件只是一份写给学校看的内部规章，其实它逐条列出了每一类必须遵守它的机构。家长在跟幼儿园、学校、学院、地方当局或卫生部门打交道之前，先确认对方在不在名单之内，后面的沟通会顺很多。名单不是一张模糊的推荐表，而是一份责任清单，机构类型不同，义务的内容也不同。
SEND stands for special educational needs and disabilities, and in England the system is tied together by one statutory document that runs from birth to the age of 25. Its full title is the Special educational needs and disability code of practice: 0 to 25 years, published by the Department for Education in January 2015 and in force from 1 April 2015; it replaced the 2001 code. What matters for families is that the Code names the organisations that must follow it, and the duties travel with the child as they move between a nursery, a school, a college, a health service or a custodial setting. Knowing which body carries which duty is often the first practical step in a conversation that has stalled.
准则的法律身份：2014 年法第 77 条下的法定指引
SEND 准则的法律身份是法定指引（statutory guidance），不是一份建议清单。它的授权来自 2014 年《儿童与家庭法》（Children and Families Act 2014）第 77 条，同一部法律的第三部分在 2014 年 9 月 1 日把这些改变带进了学校与学院。法定指引的效力落在「必须考虑」这四个字上：名单上的机构在行使相关职能时必须考虑准则内容。它们可以不照办，但要有理由，并且要能向法庭解释这个理由。准则引言里写明，法庭会期望地方当局、早期教育机构、学校与学院能说明任何偏离准则的做法。家长在会议或书面沟通里引用具体段落，通常比笼统地说「按规定」更有分量。
The Code is statutory guidance rather than a set of suggestions. Its legal basis is section 77 of the Children and Families Act 2014, and the wider SEND reforms in Part 3 of the same Act took effect on 1 September 2014; organisations on the list must have regard to the Code, which means they may depart from a paragraph but have to justify doing so. The Code itself states that the Tribunal will expect local authorities, early education settings, schools and colleges to explain any departure relevant to a case it is considering, so a family is entitled to ask for that explanation in writing.
年龄范围为什么写成 0 至 25 岁
0 至 25 岁不是宣传口号，而是法律划出来的区间。准则把年轻人（young person）定义为已过义务教育年龄、但未满 25 岁的人，而义务教育年龄在本人满 16 岁那一学年的六月最后一个星期五结束。2001 年那份旧准则主要覆盖学校阶段，十六岁以后的继续教育另有学习困难评估（Learning Difficulty Assessment，LDA）这一套单独文件。现行准则把两端并成一条线，用 EHC 计划（Education, Health and Care plan）同时替代特殊教育需要说明书（statement of SEN）与 LDA。原有说明书要在 2018 年 4 月 1 日前转换完毕。LDA 的转换期限更早，要在 2016 年 9 月 1 日之前完成。转换期间准则有一句硬话：没有人应该因为制度更换而失去原有支持却拿不到替代方案。
The 0 to 25 range comes from the Act rather than from branding. A young person is defined as someone over compulsory school age and under 25, and compulsory school age ends on the last Friday of June in the academic year in which a learner turns 16. Before 2015 the law was split, with the old code covering school-age children while further education students relied on a separate Learning Difficulty Assessment; the 2015 Code merged both ends into one route using the Education, Health and Care plan, which replaced the statement of SEN and the LDA, with statements transferred by 1 April 2018 and LDA transfers complete by 1 September 2016.
名单第一组：地方当局与早期教育提供者
地方当局是整个 0 至 25 体系的核心承担者。准则列出的第一类机构就是地方当局，覆盖教育、社会照护，以及相关的住房、就业与其他服务部门。早期教育提供者紧随其后，范围比家长想象的宽：维持性、私营、志愿与独立部门的早教机构，只要接受地方当局拨款，就在名单之内。这意味着私立幼儿园、学前班与部分注册的托育人员同样要考虑准则。地方当局还必须公布「地方提供」（Local Offer），把本地 0 至 25 岁可用的教育、卫生与社会照护支持写清楚。早教阶段还有一个固定的检查点，孩子两岁到两岁半时，健康检查与早教进展检查会合并做一次，语言与沟通上的困难常常在这个节点第一次被记录下来。
Local authorities sit at the centre of the system, and the Code lists them across education, social care and the related housing and employment services. Early years providers come next, and the definition is wider than most families expect; any maintained, private, voluntary or independent setting that receives local authority funding must have regard to the Code, which brings private nurseries, pre-schools and registered childminders inside the same framework. Local authorities must also publish a Local Offer describing the education, health and social care support available locally from 0 to 25, and the integrated review at around age two is often where speech and language difficulties are first put on paper.
名单第二组：学校与学院的管理机构
学校这一侧的义务落在管理机构而不是某一位老师身上。名单写的是学校管理机构，既包含由地方当局维持的学校，也包含不由地方当局维持的特殊学校。学院（academy）与自由学校（free school）的办学方同样在名单内，他们的义务通常通过资助协议落地。学生转介单位（Pupil Referral Unit，PRU）的管理委员会也在其中。独立学校要遵守准则的相关部分，这一点在选校讨论里经常被忽略。法庭在审理案件时，会把学校与学院的做法放到准则的框架里衡量，而不是看学校自己怎么描述。
On the school side the duty sits with the governing body rather than with an individual teacher. The Code names the governing bodies of maintained schools, including special schools that are not maintained by the local authority, and the proprietors of academies and free schools, whose duties usually run through their funding agreements; pupil referral unit management committees are named as well. Independent schools are expected to follow the relevant parts of the Code too, which is easy to overlook when a placement is being discussed.
名单第三组：十六岁以后的学院与第六学级
十六岁以后这一段最容易出错的地方，是把「义务教育结束」当成「体系结束」。准则把继续教育学院（further education college）、第六学级学院（sixth form college）与 16 至 19 岁学院都列入名单。经第 41 条批准的独立专业学院（independent specialist college）同样在内。这些机构的义务不止于「考虑准则」，还包括用最大努力（best endeavours）为有特殊教育需要的学生落实特殊教育供给。这项义务延伸到 25 岁，也覆盖学院直接招收的 14 至 16 岁学生。持有 EHC 计划的学生在十六岁之后不会自动失去支持。招生季前先确认目标学院的 SEN 支持团队怎么运转，比拿到录取后再补救有效得多。
The common mistake at 16 is to assume that the SEND system stops when compulsory education does. Further education colleges, sixth form colleges and 16 to 19 academies are named in the Code, as are independent specialist colleges approved under section 41 of the Children and Families Act 2014. Their duties go beyond having regard to the Code; they must use their best endeavours to secure the special educational provision a student needs, a duty that applies up to age 25 in further education and also covers 14 to 16 year olds recruited directly by colleges, so holding an EHC plan does not end support at 16.
名单第四组：卫生系统的哪些机构
卫生系统不是旁观者，它有自己的机构清单。准则写的是 NHS Commissioning Board，也就是后来的 NHS England，以及临床委托小组（CCG）、NHS Trust、NHS Foundation Trust 与地方卫生局（Local Health Board）。CCG 这个名称已经过时：2022 年 7 月 1 日起，整合照护委员会（Integrated Care Board，ICB）依《健康与照护法 2022》取代了它。义务是实质性的，地方当局为 EHC 需要评估请求卫生机构配合时，卫生机构要在收到请求后六周内答复。EHC 计划里的卫生供给必须由委托方同意后才能写入。年轻人离开教育阶段时，还要安排向成人卫生服务的过渡。
Health bodies are named partners with duties of their own. The Code lists the NHS Commissioning Board, clinical commissioning groups, NHS trusts, NHS foundation trusts and local health boards; clinical commissioning groups no longer exist, having been replaced by integrated care boards under the Health and Care Act 2022 from 1 July 2022. The duties are concrete, because a health body asked to co-operate with an EHC needs assessment must respond within six weeks, health provision can only enter a plan once the commissioner has agreed it, and transition to adult health services has to be planned before a young person leaves education.
名单第五组：青少年司法与在押环境
名单里有一组机构常被家长忽略，那就是青少年犯罪团队（Youth Offending Team）与相关的青少年羁押场所。相关条款从 2015 年 4 月 1 日起生效，准则第 10 章专门写羁押环境下的安排。羁押不等于计划作废，孩子入押前已有 EHC 计划时，地方当局要继续维持这份计划。在押期间地方当局不得修改、重新评估或停止维持该计划，这一点写在准则 10.122 段。确实无法完全按原计划提供供给时，要安排尽可能接近的方案。离开羁押之后，计划与复查也要接上，不能出现断档。
One group in the list is easy for families to miss, namely youth offending teams and the relevant youth custodial establishments. The custody provisions took effect on 1 April 2015 and are set out in chapter 10 of the Code. Detention does not cancel an EHC plan; the local authority must keep it in place, must not amend, re-assess or cease it while the child is detained, has to arrange provision as close as possible to the original plan, and must resume reviews after release.
第 41 条名单：独立学校与独立专业学院
家长在选校时最常问的是独立学校能不能写进 EHC 计划。答案取决于名单，2014 年《儿童与家庭法》第 41 条授权教育大臣公布一份获批机构名单，包含独立特殊学校与十六岁以后的独立专业学院，名单由英国教育部在 gov.uk 上维护。家长或年轻人可以申请名单上的机构，地方当局必须认真考虑这类申请。不在名单上的独立学校不在常规路径之内，家长若坚持选择，位置与费用的处理会复杂得多。有些家长的印象是只要付得起学费就能写进计划，这一步并不成立。查名单要看官方版本，机构名称与列入情况会更新。
A question that comes up in almost every placement meeting is whether an independent school can be named in a plan. Section 41 of the Children and Families Act 2014 allows the Secretary of State to publish a list of approved institutions, covering independent special schools and independent specialist colleges, and the Department for Education keeps that list on gov.uk. Parents and young people can request an institution that is on it and the local authority has to consider the request properly, whereas schools outside the list sit outside the normal route and make placement and funding far more complicated.
地方当局的时间表：六周决定与二十周上限
名单上责任最重的是地方当局，因为它同时承担流程与时限。家长或学校提出 EHC 需要评估请求之后，地方当局要在六周内告知是否进行评估。整个评估与制发计划的过程也有法定时限，上限是 20 周，比旧制度下说明书的 26 周更短。评估后决定不发计划时，通知要在收到请求后 16 周内给出。时限之外还有救济路径，先走调解（mediation），再向第一级法庭（First-tier Tribunal，SEND）上诉。法庭的权限在 2018 年 4 月至 2021 年 8 月间试点扩大，教育部在 2021 年 7 月 20 日确认继续保留。扩权只针对已有教育上诉的案件，可以对卫生与社会照护部分作出无约束力建议。
Local authorities carry the heaviest load because they own both the process and the clock. After a request for an EHC needs assessment, the authority must say within six weeks whether it will assess, and the whole assessment and planning process has a statutory limit of 20 weeks, shorter than the 26 weeks allowed for statements under the old system; where the decision is not to issue a plan, notification must come within 16 weeks of the request. Mediation comes before the First-tier Tribunal (SEND), whose extended powers over health and social care ran as a national trial from April 2018 to August 2021 and were confirmed by the Department for Education on 20 July 2021, though they apply only where an education appeal is already live.
学校层面的两个固定角色：SENCO 与 SEN 信息报告
名单上的学校不是写一句「我们遵守准则」就够了，准则要求两个固定动作。一个动作是 SENCO，主流学校与主流学院的管理机构要指定一名具备教师资格的老师担任特殊教育需要协调员（Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator，SENCO）。新任 SENCO 要在上任后三年内完成 SEN 协调国家资格（National Award for SEN Co-ordination），这项要求自 2009 年起生效。另一个动作是 SEN 信息报告，学校要在官网公布自己的 SEN 政策与安排。日常支持走评估、计划、执行、复查的循环，也就是准则里的 graduated approach。四个大致需要领域用来做初步判断，分别是沟通与互动、认知与学习、社交情绪与心理健康、感官与身体需要。
For schools on the list, having regard to the Code means doing two visible things. The first is naming a qualified teacher as the special educational needs co-ordinator, or SENCO, and making sure a newly appointed SENCO completes the National Award for SEN Co-ordination within three years of taking up the post, a requirement that has applied since 2009. The second is publishing a SEN information report on the school website. Day to day support runs through the assess, plan, do, review cycle, and the Code groups needs under four broad headings, which are communication and interaction, cognition and learning, social emotional and mental health, and sensory or physical needs.
年度复查与九年级之后的准备成年
拿到 EHC 计划之后不是一劳永逸，复查有固定节奏。地方当局至少每 12 个月要复查一次计划，第一次复查要在计划签发后的 12 个月内完成。孩子读到九年级或更高年级时，复查会议必须讨论为成年生活与独立生活所做的准备，这是法定要求而不是好做法。学校或机构要在会议后两周内写出报告。地方当局要在会议后四周内通知是否修改、维持或停止计划。义务教育年龄结束之后，提出请求与做决定的权利转到年轻人自己手上。涉及能力判断时，《心智能力法》（Mental Capacity Act）的框架开始适用。
An EHC plan is reviewed rather than renewed, and the cycle is fixed. The local authority must review it at least once every 12 months, with the first review inside 12 months of the plan being issued; once a learner is in year 9, which usually means age 13 or 14, the review meeting has to consider what provision is needed for preparation for adulthood and independent living, and that is a legal duty rather than good practice. The report follows within two weeks and the authority notifies its decision within four weeks, while the right to make requests and decisions moves to the young person once compulsory school age ends, with the Mental Capacity Act applying where capacity is in question.
2026 年改革会改动准则的哪些部分
这份 2015 年准则正在被改写。英国政府在 2026 年 2 月 23 日发布《每个孩子都能成长与发展》（Every child achieving and thriving）白皮书，同时启动名为 SEND reform: putting children and young people first 的公众咨询。咨询在 2026 年 5 月 18 日结束，教育部正在分析反馈。公开的改革方向包括更新准则文本、把原来的「需要领域」改称「发展领域」，以及为复杂需要设立「专业供给包」（Specialist Provision Package）并配 EHC 计划与个别支持计划（Individual Support Plan）。过渡安排也写进了咨询文件，已在主流环境的 EHC 计划会保留到当前学段结束，也就是小学、中学或十六岁以后阶段各自结束时。被评估为需要个别支持计划的一批孩子，会保留现有 EHC 计划到 2029 至 2030 学年结束。名单本身没有缩水的迹象，被强调的是各机构责任更清楚。
The 2015 Code is being rewritten. The government published the schools white paper Every child achieving and thriving on 23 February 2026 and opened a public consultation called SEND reform: putting children and young people first, which closed on 18 May 2026 and is now being analysed by the Department for Education. The proposals include updating the Code, renaming the four areas of need as areas of development, and creating a Specialist Provision Package with an EHC plan and an Individual Support Plan for the most complex needs; transitional rules say an existing plan in a mainstream setting stays until the end of the current phase of education, and children assessed for an Individual Support Plan keep their EHC plan until the end of the 2029/30 academic year.
家长与学生最容易搞错的几件事
把范围弄清楚之后，剩下的问题多半是判断而不是规则。很多学生以为 SEND 支持只和学校有关，到了十六岁就自动结束，实际上名单上的学院与卫生、司法机构各自带着义务。其实很多家长在拿到计划之后并不清楚谁负责执行，教育供给由学校或学院落实，卫生供给由委托方落实，地方当局负责维持计划。常见的错误是以为「0 至 25 岁」等于任何 25 岁以下都能拿到 EHC 计划，评估标准看的是需要而不是年龄。另一个误解是把卫生机构当成配合角色，而它在评估环节有自己的答复期限。涉及拒绝评估、计划内容或安置的决定，调解与上诉渠道一直存在。
Once the scope is clear, most remaining questions are about judgement rather than rules. Students often assume that SEND support belongs to school alone and ends at 16, when colleges, health bodies and youth justice services on the list each carry their own duties; parents who already hold a plan sometimes do not know who delivers it, and the answer is that the school or college delivers the educational provision, the commissioner delivers the health provision, and the local authority maintains the plan itself. The 0 to 25 range does not mean every young person under 25 qualifies for a plan, since the test is about need rather than age, and mediation and appeal routes stay open on decisions about assessment, content and placement.
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