GCSE与A-Level体育 活动清单 新增项目
GCSE、AS 与 A-Level 体育的实践成绩不能随便挑一个运动来考。考生必须从英国教育部公布的活动清单里选项目。清单上的每一项运动都要先过五条标准，任何一条不满足都进不了清单。2018 年那次公开征集收到 82 项提案，最后只有少数几项被写进清单，并从 2020 年 9 月起用于教学。很多学生以为只要自己常年练的运动就能作为考核项目，实际决定权在清单与考试局的规格说明上。下面把清单的来源、五条标准、当年通过与被拦下的项目，以及学校与考生要面对的要求讲清楚。
The practical component of GCSE, AS and A-level PE is not open to any sport a student happens to enjoy. Every activity has to clear five criteria before it can appear on the Department for Education list, and one failed test is enough to keep it off. This article sets out where the list came from, how the 2018 review handled 82 proposals, and what schools and candidates face once the list changes.
活动清单的来源与覆盖范围
清单的源头是 2015 年 1 月英国教育部公布的改革后体育科目内容。同一份活动清单同时适用于 GCSE、AS 与 A-Level 三类资格。考试局再把它写进自己的规格说明。基于这份内容的新资格从 2016 年 9 月开始教学，第一批证书在 2018 年夏季颁发。教育部在公布科目内容时就承诺，等第一批新资格颁证之后要复查清单。那份公开征集在 2018 年 10 月发出，正是兑现这个承诺。清单的依据里也包含 Ofqual 关于非考试评估的原则。清单不等同于对某项运动价值的判断，它只回答一个问题：这项运动是否适合用来评估考生的实践技能。
The list began with the reformed PE subject content published by the Department for Education in January 2015, and the same activities apply across GCSE, AS and A-level. Schools first taught the new qualifications in September 2016, with the first awards in summer 2018, and the department had promised a review once that cohort had been certificated. Absence from the list says nothing about the worth of a sport, only whether it can be assessed with parity.
标准一：严格度与评估对等
第一条标准要求活动在难度上彼此可比。实践评估之间要有对等性。提案方必须说明这项运动要求的技能，其难度至少与现有清单上的两项活动相当。评审看的不是项目受不受欢迎。拿到同一个分数所需的能力是否处在同一水平，才是判断依据。同一种球类的不同赛制难度并不相同。这也是清单对赛制作出限制的原因。常见的错误是拿娱乐性比赛的表现去论证严格度，评审不会把休闲玩法当作依据。
Criterion one is comparative rigour, meaning the skills a sport demands must sit technically on a par with at least two activities already listed. Popularity counts for nothing, and recreational play is not evidence of anything. Different formats of the same ball game do not carry equal difficulty, which is why the list limits the formats it accepts. Judging rigour from casual matches is the mistake most proposals make.
标准二：战术、策略与编排
第二条标准要求活动能让考生理解并运用战术、策略或者编排。球类项目里，考生要在比赛情境中展示位置选择、时机判断与配合意识。体操与舞蹈一类项目看的是编排能力。考生要把单个动作连接成连贯套路，并说明其中的选择理由。无法体现决策过程的体能活动很难满足这条。单纯的器械练习、体能循环训练或者跑步机训练都落在这一条之外。很多学生以为动作漂亮就够了。评分标准里真正给分的是为什么这样安排。
The second criterion looks for tactics, strategies or composition. Team players have to show decisions inside a competitive situation, while gymnasts and dancers are judged on how they link movements into a coherent routine and justify the choices behind it. Fitness routines with no decision-making content cannot satisfy this test, so weight training and circuit-style work sit outside the list. Candidates who assume clean execution is enough tend to miss where the marks actually come from.
标准三：技能需要长期积累
第三条标准要求这项活动的成绩必须靠长期训练才能拿到。一夜之间就能上手的活动被排除在外。主要靠运气或者一次临场发挥决定结果的项目同样被排除。它的实际含义是考生要有足够长的训练轨迹可供评估。临时突击几周就去应考，评估者看不到稳定的技能水平。清单在项目层级上也有对应处理，某些项目只承认正式比赛的赛制。考生若把训练时间花在与考核赛制不一致的玩法上，等于白练。
Criterion three requires skills that take sustained training to build. Activities anyone can pick up in a fortnight are excluded, as are outcomes decided mainly by luck or a single good day. Candidates need a training history long enough to be assessed properly, because a few weeks of cramming gives moderators nothing stable to judge. The list also narrows recognised formats so that practice matches what is actually marked.
标准四：必须有竞争或正式考核条件
第四条标准要求活动有竞争性的或者正式的考核条件。娱乐形式的运动不能作为考核场景。考试局明确写过，考生不能在休闲玩法里接受评估。校队联赛、俱乐部正式比赛、地区锦标赛都属于可用场景。这条标准保证评分发生在压力环境而不是练习环境里。清单里不少赛制限制都来自这一条。游泳不接受花样游泳、个人救生与自救。自行车只接受场地、公路与竞速 BMX。常见的错误是把训练课的表现当作考核依据，训练数据在评审里不算数。
Criterion four demands a competitive or formal condition for assessment. Awarding organisations have been explicit that recreational play cannot be used, so school leagues, club fixtures and regional championships are the settings that count. This criterion keeps marking inside a pressured environment rather than a practice one, and it explains several format restrictions. Swimming rules out synchronised swimming, personal survival and lifesaving, while cycling accepts racing only on track, road or BMX.
标准五：教师与审核员能现实评分
第五条标准要求活动表现能被体育教师与审核员真实、可靠地评出分数。太冷门或者太专业的项目，评委难以形成稳定的评分尺度，就无法进入清单。这条标准的落点是评分一致。同一份表现，不同学校的教师按同一套标准应当得到接近的结论。校际审核与考试局的调分都依赖这一点。清单把部分项目限定在可复核的范围内。体操只接受自由体操与器械。跳水限平台跳水。攀岩室内室外都可以。
The fifth criterion asks whether teachers and moderators can mark performance realistically and reliably. If a sport is so niche that no stable scale exists, it cannot be listed, because the test is whether different schools reach similar judgements on the same performance. Inter-school moderation and awarding organisation adjustments both depend on that consistency. Gymnastics is confined to floor and apparatus and diving to platform, which keeps moderation workable.
额外门槛：英格兰体育局认可的运动项目
除了五条标准，清单上所有活动还必须是英格兰体育局认可的运动项目。这一条在 2018 年复查里被再次确认。它的影响很大。一些参与人数不少、学校也常组织的活动，因为没有被认定为运动项目而无法加入。啦啦操就是典型例子。它此前被部分考试局当作舞蹈的一种写进规格说明，从 2020 年起不再出现。有氧操、循环训练、CrossFit、私教训练同样不属于认可项目。考生需要先查清楚自己被认定的项目在不在认可名单里。
On top of the five criteria, every listed activity must be a sport recognised by Sport England. That requirement was reaffirmed in the 2018 review and it has real consequences, because several widely played school activities are not recognised sports at all. Cheerleading, previously treated by some boards as a dance discipline, disappears from specifications from 2020, together with aerobics, circuit training, CrossFit and personal training. Candidates should check their own activity against the recognised list before planning years of training around it.
平等影响、学校资源与实施时机
教育部在决定是否加项时还要看两件事。一件是 2010 年平等法下的平等影响评估。只有影响为中性或者正面，活动才有机会加入。另一件是对学校与学院资源投入、教师工作量的影响，以及改动落在哪个时间点更合适。清单允许在可能的情况下对项目作出适配，让不同需求的考生都能参加。适配不能牺牲评估的严格性与有效性。这条规则对使用轮椅或者有视力障碍的考生尤其重要，清单专门列出一组专业活动，包括盲人板球、硬地滚球、盲人门球、电动轮椅足球、桌上板球、轮椅篮球与轮椅橄榄球。
Two further tests sit behind the decision. The equalities impact under the Equality Act 2010 has to be neutral or positive, and the department also weighs the effect on school resources, teacher workload and the timing of any change. Activities can be adapted for different needs, provided the rigour and validity of assessment are not compromised. That matters most for candidates using wheelchairs or with a visual impairment, which is why a separate group of specialist activities, from blind cricket and boccia to wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby, appears on the list.
2018 年公开征集的具体安排
那次征集从 2018 年 10 月 24 日上午 11 点开始。截止时间是 12 月 20 日深夜 11 点 59 分。征集跑在教育部自己的咨询平台上，不在 gov.uk 页面本身。全部提案共 82 项。其中 54 项属于英格兰体育局认可、且此前不在清单上的新项目。规则要求每个机构或者个人只受理第一份申请。决定为最终结果，不设上诉，教育部也保留了不作任何改动的权利。政府回应在 2019 年 9 月 10 日发布，编号 DFE-00180-2019，共 28 页。
The consultation ran from 11am on 24 October 2018 to 11.59pm on 20 December 2018. It ran on the department's own consultation platform rather than the gov.uk page itself. Of the 82 activities put forward, 54 were recognised sports not already listed. Only the first application from each body or individual was considered, decisions were final with no appeals, and the department reserved the right to change nothing at all; its response, DFE-00180-2019, followed on 10 September 2019.
通过的项目：团队类新增
被接受的团队类新项目包括技巧体操、花样滑冰、五人制足球、冰球、轮滑冰球、帆船、双桨赛艇与水球。按考试局公布的口径，GCSE 清单增加 9 项，AS 与 A-Level 增加 10 项。帆船只接受皇家游艇协会认可的帆船级别。考生必须以舵手身份参赛。双桨赛艇此前已作为个人项目在清单上，这次补进团队类。花样滑冰同时出现在团队与个人两类。它只能用于其中一项。这些项目从 2020 年 9 月起用于教学，AS 在 2021 年首次考核，GCSE 与 A-Level 在 2022 年首次考核。
The team additions were acrobatic gymnastics, figure skating, futsal, ice hockey, inline roller hockey, sailing, sculling and water polo. Sailing is restricted to Royal Yachting Association recognised classes and candidates must perform as helmsman, while sculling moved onto the team list after years as an individual activity. Figure skating appears in both the team and individual tables but can only be used for one of them. The changes apply to teaching from September 2020, with first assessment in 2021 for AS and 2022 for GCSE and A-level.
通过的项目：个人类与铁人三项
个人类新增项目包括竞速 BMX、越野跑、花样滑冰、中长距离跑、帆船与风帆冲浪。中长距离跑只是田径下面的一个分项，5 公里与 10 公里的场地跑才算数。A-Level 的长距离跑不得超过 1 万米。GCSE 的场地长跑不超过 5 公里，越野跑不超过 6.5 公里。AS 与 A-Level 还多出短距离铁人三项，GCSE 没有这一项。原因是英国铁人三项协会规定短距离项目最低参赛年龄为 15 岁，标准距离为 17 岁。并非所有 GCSE 考生都能达到年龄门槛。
Individual additions covered BMX racing, cross country running, figure skating, long distance running, sailing and windsurfing. Long distance running counts only as 5k and 10k track events, and the list caps A-level distance work at 10,000 metres, GCSE track running at 5,000 metres and cross country at 6,500 metres. Sprint triathlon was added for AS and A-level only, because British Triathlon sets minimum entry ages of 15 and 17 that not every GCSE candidate reaches in time to submit practical evidence.
没通过的项目被拦在哪一步
被拒绝的提案更能说明标准怎么运作。有氧体操、美式橄榄球、射箭、棒球、草地滚球、自行车竞速赛、飞镖、躲避球、柔道与旱坡滑雪都在提案名单里，最终没有加入。飞镖与躲避球主要卡在严格度与评估对等。美式橄榄球卡在竞争条件与可评分性。柔道与旱坡滑雪卡在评委能否现实评分。属于认可运动却没能通过的名单，比通过的名单长得多。这也说明加项门槛有多高。
The rejections show how the criteria bite. Aerobic gymnastics, American football, archery, baseball, bowls, cycle speedway, darts, dodgeball, judo and dry slope skiing were all proposed and all left off, each failing a different test. Darts and dodgeball stumble on rigour and parity. American football falls on competitive conditions and assessability, while judo and dry slope skiing raise doubts about whether moderators can judge performance reliably. The list of recognised sports that failed is far longer than the one that passed.
舞蹈、赛艇与项目组合的修正
复查还带来几处技术性修正。赛艇此前被误列进 GCSE 的个人项目，实际上它只能作为团队项目，这次把错误改掉，双桨赛艇继续保留在个人类。考试局同意统一舞蹈的分项。从 2020 年起接受芭蕾、国标舞、当代舞、文化类舞蹈（含嘻哈、爱尔兰舞、印度舞、爵士舞、拉丁舞）、民间舞与街舞。舞蹈在 GCSE 清单上只能计入一项。组合限制也让不少考生吃亏。足球不能算五人制或者室内足球。曲棍球必须是草地曲棍球。Rugby Union 与 Rugby League 不能互相替代，触式橄榄球也不被接受。
The review also corrected details. Rowing with one oar had been listed by mistake as a GCSE individual activity when it can only be assessed as a team sport, so it stays team-only while sculling remains individual. Awarding organisations agreed to align dance to ballet, ballroom, contemporary, cultural forms including hip-hop and Irish, folk and street, and dance still counts for one activity only. Football cannot be five-a-side or futsal, hockey must be field hockey, and rugby union and rugby league cannot substitute for each other.
现在的进展：课程与评估审查之后
课程与评估审查的最终报告在 2025 年 11 月 5 日发布。其中一条建议就是复查 GCSE 体育活动清单，让清单对包括特殊教育需求与残障学生在内的所有学生更包容。政府在 2026 年 6 月的回应里确认会重访这份清单。教育部的书面答复写明，修订后的体育国家课程预计在 2027 年春季公布，2028 年开始教学。威尔士走的是另一条路。当地资格监管机构每年开放一次申请窗口，2026 年这一轮要在 12 月 31 日前提交，供 2027 年 9 月开始课程的学生使用。这些内容都可以在 gov.uk 与各考试局官网上核对，具体到自己的项目，最终以考试局当前规格说明为准。
A review of the GCSE PE activity list looks more likely than another open consultation. The Curriculum and Assessment Review final report, published on 5 November 2025, recommended revisiting the list so that it works for all students, including those with special educational needs and disabilities. The government confirmed that commitment in its June 2026 response, and a written answer states that a revised PE national curriculum is expected in spring 2027, with first teaching from 2028. Wales runs a separate annual route, where requests must reach the regulator by 31 December for courses starting the following September, so the safest step for a candidate is to check the current specification on their own board's website.
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