英国学校反欺凌 行为政策 网络欺凌 KCSIE | UK Schools Anti-Bullying Behaviour Policy Cyberbullying KCSIE

英国学校反欺凌 行为政策 网络欺凌 KCSIE

英格兰的学校在反欺凌上有两套并行的要求。一套是法条：《教育与督学法 2006》第 89 条要求公立学校必须有鼓励良好行为、防止学生之间一切形式欺凌的措施。另一套是指导文件：政府发布的《Preventing and tackling bullying》在 gov.uk 上的页面 2013 年 8 月 22 日首发，2026 年 7 月 9 日最后一次更新，文件编号 DFE-00160-2017。很多学生以为欺凌只是同学之间的摩擦，外人插不上话，学校也管不了校门外的事，这种理解与现行规定差得很远。下面按法条、指导文件与督导口径，把学校到底必须做什么逐条拆开。

Schools in England face two layers of anti-bullying requirements. The first is statutory: section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 obliges maintained schools to have measures that encourage good behaviour and prevent all forms of bullying among pupils. The second is guidance, published on gov.uk as Preventing and tackling bullying, first issued on 22 August 2013 and updated on 9 July 2026. Many students assume bullying is a private quarrel between classmates, which is not how the law sees it.

欺凌的官方定义：重复、故意与力量不平衡

指导文件把欺凌定义为一个人或一个群体反复发生、故意在身体或情感上伤害他人或群体的行为。定义里有三个要点：行为反复发生，伤害是故意的，双方关系里通常存在力量不平衡。力量不平衡可以来自体型，可以来自心理层面的了解，也可以来自智力差异或者一群人的支持。它还包括把人孤立起来的能力，以及用暴力威胁让人不敢反抗。形式上有肢体冲突、言语攻击、间接排挤与网络欺凌，网络欺凌通过短信、社交媒体或者游戏发生，还能带上图片和视频。指导文件写明，情感欺凌的伤害有时比肢体欺凌更大，具体个案由老师自己判断。很多学生以为只有动手才算欺凌，其实反复的排挤与语言攻击同样在定义之内。

The government's guidance defines bullying as behaviour by an individual or group, repeated over time, that intentionally hurts another individual or group physically or emotionally. Three elements matter in practice: repetition, intent and an imbalance of power, which may be physical, psychological, intellectual or social. Bullying also takes indirect forms, including exclusion and cyber-bullying through messages, social media or gaming; the guidance adds that emotional bullying can be more damaging than physical bullying, and that staff must judge each case on its own facts.

第 89 条：措施要写进行为政策并告知三方

《教育与督学法 2006》第 89 条规定，公立学校必须有鼓励良好行为、防止学生之间一切形式欺凌的措施。这些措施要成为学校行为政策的一部分，并且要传达给全体学生、全体教职员与家长。校长负责确定措施并公开发布，第 89 条第 5 款专门写了公布要求。学校可以单独出一份反欺凌政策，也可以把它并入行为政策，两种做法都合规。常见的错误是学校只在办公室里留一份文件，学生和家长从来没有看到过。真到发生事件的时候，家长可以直接索取这份政策，看学校自己写的处理流程与时间安排。

Section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 requires maintained schools to have measures that encourage good behaviour and prevent all forms of bullying among pupils. Those measures must form part of the school's behaviour policy and must be communicated to all pupils, all staff and parents. The head teacher determines the measures and publishes them, a duty spelled out in section 89(5); schools may issue a separate anti-bullying policy or fold it into the behaviour policy.

学院与私立学校：反欺凌策略是硬性条件

学院制学校与私立学校不适用第 89 条，但它们有另一条更直接的要求。《学校标准（独立学校）条例 2014》规定，学校举办者必须制定并实施有效的反欺凌策略，把校园欺凌控制在合理可行的范围内。这条要求写在监管标准里面，属于注册与督查时都会看的硬指标。指导文件把它与公立学校的第 89 条并列，称为英格兰每一所学校都必须具备的措施。家长在为孩子择校时可以问一句：学校有没有书面策略，最近一次修订是什么时候。答案含糊，说明该校的合规文件可能没有跟上。

Academies and independent schools are governed by a different provision rather than section 89. The Education (Independent School Standards) Regulations 2014 require the proprietor to ensure that bullying at the school is prevented, so far as reasonably practicable, by drawing up and implementing an effective anti-bullying strategy, and that duty sits inside the regulatory standards used at registration and inspection. Parents choosing a school can simply ask to see the written strategy and its latest review date, since a vague answer usually means the document is out of date.

平等法 2010：偏见型欺凌与公共部门平等义务

《平等法 2010》的公共部门平等义务在 2011 年 4 月 5 日生效，覆盖年龄、残障、性别重置、怀孕与产假、种族、宗教或信仰、性别与性取向。公立学校与学院必须遵守这项义务，在决策中认真考虑促进机会平等、促进不同群体之间的良好关系。该法第 6 部分进一步规定，学校管理机构因入学、教育提供、服务与福利或者任何排斥行为而歧视、骚扰、伤害学生，都属于违法。指导文件把这条与反欺凌直接挂钩：针对受保护特征的欺凌，学校必须预防并作出回应。很多学生以为被叫外号只是玩笑，一旦涉及种族、宗教或者残障，它在法律上就换了性质。

The Public Sector Equality Duty in the Equality Act 2010 came into force on 5 April 2011 and covers age, disability, gender reassignment, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. Maintained schools and academies must comply with it, and Part 6 of the Act makes it unlawful for a school's responsible body to discriminate against, harass or victimise a pupil over admissions, the education provided, access to facilities or any other detriment. The Department's guidance links this directly to prejudice-based bullying, which schools are expected to prevent and to answer for.

安全保障义务：什么时候欺凌按儿童保护处理

《教育法 2002》第 175 条给公立学校与地方当局设了保障和促进儿童福利的法定义务。指导文件写明，当有合理理由怀疑儿童正在或可能受到重大伤害时，欺凌事件要按《儿童法 1989》的儿童保护问题处理。这时教职员应与学校的安全保障负责人商量，把情况报告给地方当局的儿童社会服务部门，并配合后续行动。即使达不到儿童保护的门槛，学校仍可能需要借助外部服务支持被欺凌的学生，或者处理导致学生去欺凌别人的深层问题。常见的错误是老师把它当成纪律问题处理完就结束，没有走安全保障这条线。两条线并行并不冲突：纪律针对行为，安全保障针对伤害风险。

Section 175 of the Education Act 2002 places a legal duty on maintained schools and local authorities to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The guidance states that where there is reasonable cause to suspect a child is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm, a bullying incident should be dealt with as a child protection concern under the Children Act 1989, which means discussing it with the designated safeguarding lead and reporting to local authority children's social care. Even below that threshold, schools may still need outside services to support a pupil or to address what drives the behaviour in the first place.

网络欺凌与手机：搜查与删除数据的权限

网络欺凌可以发生在一天里的任何时间，围观的人更多，内容转发一次就能扩散出去。《教育法 2011》修改了《教育法 1996》里的搜查权限：经校长正式授权的教职员没收手机等电子设备后，在有正当理由时可以查看其中的数据或文件，并删除相关内容。这项权限适用于所有学校，查看学生的手机不需要家长同意。处理时通常只碰与违纪有关的材料，不怀疑含证据的内容由学校决定保留还是删除。很多学生以为手机里的东西学校不能动，实际规则比他们想的宽。遇到可能涉及犯罪的嫌疑材料，学校应当联系警方，而不是自己处理完就算了。

Cyber-bullying can happen at any hour, reaches a larger audience and spreads with a single forward. The Education Act 2011 amended the search power in the Education Act 1996 so that a member of staff formally authorised by the head teacher may examine data or files on a seized device, and delete them, where there is good reason to do so. The power applies to all schools and does not require parental consent; where material may relate to an offence, staff should involve the police rather than handle it alone.

校外欺凌：学校的处分权限到哪里

《教育与督学法 2006》第 90 条与第 91 条规定，学校的纪律权限可以用在校外，前提是学校在那种情形下规范学生行为是合理的。范围包括校车与公共交通上的欺凌，也包括校外商店门口或者镇中心发生的事件。接到校外欺凌的报告，学校应当调查并采取行动，校长还要考虑是否需要通知警方或者地方当局的反社会行为协调员。如果行为可能构成犯罪，或者对公众构成严重威胁，警方必须被告知。执行处分的地点有限制：可以在校内，或者学生处于教职员合法监护之下时执行，比如在校外活动期间。常见的错误是家长以为出了校门学校就不管，实际规则给了学校明确的介入空间。

Sections 90 and 91 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 allow a school's disciplinary powers to reach conduct that happens off the premises, but only where it is reasonable for the school to regulate pupils' behaviour in those circumstances. That covers incidents on school or public transport, outside local shops or in a town centre, and head teachers must consider whether to notify the police or the local authority's anti-social behaviour coordinator. Sanctions themselves can only be imposed on school premises or while the pupil is under the lawful control of staff.

可能构成刑事犯罪的几类欺凌行为

欺凌本身在英格兰不是一项独立的刑事罪名，但某些骚扰或者威胁行为会落入刑法范围。指导文件点了四部法律：《保护免受骚扰法 1997》《恶意通信法 1988》《通信法 2003》与《公共秩序法 1986》。按《恶意通信法 1988》，发送内容下流、极具冒犯性、带威胁或者明知虚假的信息，如果目的是让对方痛苦或焦虑，就构成犯罪。教职员怀疑已经发生犯罪行为时，应当寻求警方协助，而不是自行判断结案。很多学生以为网络上的话最多算没礼貌，边界其实由这些法条画出来。学校记录下时间、内容与截图，对警方的判断很有帮助。

Bullying is not a specific criminal offence in England, yet some harassing or threatening behaviour falls under criminal law. The guidance points to the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, the Malicious Communications Act 1988, the Communications Act 2003 and the Public Order Act 1986, noting for example that sending an indecent, grossly offensive or threatening electronic message with intent to cause distress is an offence under the 1988 Act. Where staff believe an offence may have been committed, they should seek police assistance, and dated records with screenshots support that judgement.

记录与监测：学校要能证明措施有效

指导文件要求学校能够证明反欺凌政策产生了实际影响，而不是只证明文件存在。学校应当记录事件并监测趋势，把记录用于改进预防措施，这一步也是向治理机构汇报的常规内容。文件同时写明，Ofsted 不会因为学校记录了欺凌事件就自动扣分，督查关注的是学校行动的效果，也就是预防和处理得怎么样。常见的错误是学校为了报表好看少记或者不记，结果是既看不到问题，也拿不出改进的依据。对家长来说，记录同样重要：日期、目击者、学校回应，写下来比事后回忆可靠。学生自己写下的日记也可以作为时间线的一部分。

The guidance expects schools to demonstrate the impact of their anti-bullying policies, not merely their existence, which means recording incidents and monitoring patterns so that the information feeds back into prevention. It also states that Ofsted will not routinely mark a school down simply because it has recorded incidents of bullying, because inspectors are interested in how effectively schools prevent and respond. Records matter to parents too: dates, witnesses and the school's response are far more useful than a later recollection.

KCSIE 2026：儿童之间的虐待扩展到骚扰与暴力

《保障儿童教育安全》是英格兰学校的法定安全保障指南，2026 年版在 2026 年 7 月 7 日发布，2026 年 9 月 1 日生效，替换 2025 年版。这一版撤掉了原来的附件 A，要求全体教职员完整读完第一部分，其中列明行为政策必须包含防止欺凌的措施，覆盖网络欺凌、偏见型与歧视型欺凌。关于儿童之间虐待的章节改名为「儿童之间的虐待，含骚扰与暴力」，把严重人身攻击、持械威胁、厌女与人工智能生成图像纳入视野，并要求把这些行为看成从骚扰到暴力的一条渐进链条。种族主义与针对信仰的攻击在最终版里明确写入儿童之间虐待的范畴。新的信息共享义务来自《儿童福祉与学校法 2026》，自 2026 年 9 月 30 日起生效。很多学生以为这些事只是开玩笑，这一版指南专门提醒学校，不要把有害行为说成男孩就是男孩。

Keeping Children Safe in Education is the statutory safeguarding guidance for schools in England; the 2026 edition was published on 7 July 2026 and took effect on 1 September 2026, replacing the 2025 version. It withdraws Annex A and expects every member of staff to read Part One in full, which lists the behaviour policy requirement to prevent bullying, including cyber-bullying, prejudice-based and discriminatory bullying. The child-on-child abuse section is now titled child-on-child abuse including harassment and violence, covering serious physical assault, threats with a weapon, misogyny and artificial intelligence generated imagery, and a new information-sharing duty under the Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 takes effect on 30 September 2026.

督导口径：2025 年 11 月起的报告卡看什么

Ofsted 从 2025 年 11 月起使用新的教育督导框架，不再给单一总结性评级，改成分项报告卡。学校的评估领域包括安全保障、包容性、课程与教学、成绩、出勤与行为、个人发展与福祉，以及领导与治理。安全保障单独用达标与未达标两级判断，不进入五点量表。与行为、欺凌相关的证据主要落在出勤与行为这一栏，安全感受、举报渠道与处理效果也会影响个人发展与福祉的判断。督导提问的对象包括学生、家长与教职员，学校的记录与政策因此要彼此对得上。常见的错误是学校把政策写成督查用的话术，学生却说不清遇到欺凌该找谁。

Ofsted's education inspection framework for use from November 2025 drops the single overall effectiveness grade and reports on separate evaluation areas instead. For schools these include safeguarding, inclusion, curriculum and teaching, achievement, attendance and behaviour, personal development and wellbeing and leadership and governance, with safeguarding judged only as met or not met. Evidence about bullying lands mainly in the attendance and behaviour area, while how safe pupils feel and how well concerns are handled feeds into personal development and wellbeing, so policies and records need to match what pupils actually say.

家长与学生的可核查动作

家长可以先索取学校的行为政策或者反欺凌政策，确认文件里有没有写清处理流程、时间与责任人。第二步对照学校是否把措施传达给了学生与家长，这是第 89 条的要求，学校很难推脱。留下来往记录，把日期、当事人、目击者与学校回应写清楚，必要时书面提交，而不是只在聊天软件里说。对处理结果不满意，可以走学校的投诉程序，公立学校的治理机构必须建立这套程序，学院则在资助协议下有自己的安排。Ofsted 官网的 Parent View 问卷是另一个渠道，它进入督查的风险评估，但不会替个案做结论，也不能替代学校内部的投诉。很多学生以为只有家长出面才有用，其实学生自己把感受与时间写下来，同样能成为学校必须回应的记录。

Parents can start by asking for the school's behaviour policy or anti-bullying policy and checking whether it sets out the process, the timescales and named responsibilities. It is worth confirming that pupils and parents have been told about those measures, because section 89 requires it, and keeping a written trail of dates, witnesses and the school's replies rather than relying on chat messages. If the outcome is unsatisfactory, the school's complaints procedure is the next step, with Ofsted's Parent View questionnaire feeding into inspection risk assessment rather than deciding individual cases.

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