ESAT物理模块 P1到P7 七个板块 27题失分点
ESAT 物理模块一共 27 道选择题，考试时间 40 分钟，UAT-UK 官网的 Content Specification 把它拆成七个板块。附录 1 用 P1 到 P7 编号，从电学一直排到放射性。很多学生以为把 A-Level 物理课本刷一遍就够用，实际上这些内容只到 GCSE 到 AS 的深度，考的是能不能在陌生情境里调用。这篇文章按七个板块逐条对照，把覆盖范围和常见的丢分位置讲清楚。七个板块都假设你已经掌握数学 1 的内容，单位和代数不能掉。
The physics module of the ESAT is 27 multiple-choice questions in 40 minutes, and the official content specification splits it into seven topic blocks labelled P1 to P7. Most candidates assume a full A-level textbook sweep is the right preparation, yet everything examinable sits at GCSE to AS depth and is tested by application rather than recall. This guide walks the seven blocks in order, marks where the coverage stops, and points out where marks are usually lost; every block also assumes the content of Maths 1.
ESAT 五个模块里物理只占一个位置
ESAT 有五个模块，数学 1 是所有考生都要考的那一个，其余四个是生物、化学、物理与数学 2。多数专业要求再选两门，物理就是其中之一。物理模块与数学 2 一样，都假设你已经掌握数学 1 的内容。剑桥工程 H100 与帝国理工的航空、土木、机械、电子电气、物理专业，把数学 1、数学 2、物理写成固定组合，牛津的工程科学 H100 与物理 F303 是同样三门。剑桥的自然科学 BCF0 与兽医学 D100 则是数学 1 加任选两门，物理属于可选。模块在报名时就固定，UAT-UK 官网写明事后不能改也不能加。
The ESAT has five modules, and Mathematics 1 is compulsory for everyone; most courses then ask for two more from Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics 2. Physics sits alongside Mathematics 2 in assuming the whole of Mathematics 1, so units, algebra and ratio work are not optional background. Cambridge Engineering H100 and Imperial's aeronautical, civil, mechanical, electrical and physics courses all fix Mathematics 1, Mathematics 2 and Physics, with Oxford's Engineering Science H100 and Physics F303 doing the same, while Natural Sciences BCF0 and Veterinary Medicine D100 leave the third module open; your selection is locked in once you book.
27 道题 40 分钟 每题平均 89 秒
每个模块 27 道单选题，时间 40 分钟，逐模块单独计时。2400 秒除以 27，平均每题约 89 秒，读题、判断与作答都在这点时间里。官方写明提前做完的时间不会带到下一个模块，考完一门就进入下一门，回不去。三个模块连起来是 120 分钟，全程上机，考场发可擦写的草稿册。计算器不允许带进场，词典也不行。很多学生以为物理计算多，89 秒肯定不够用，实际上不少题靠估量与比较就能选出答案。
Each module holds 27 multiple-choice questions in 40 minutes and is timed on its own; 2400 seconds split 27 ways leaves roughly 89 seconds a question for reading, deciding and marking. UAT-UK's official wording is that finishing a module early does not carry the spare time into the next one, so once you move on there is no going back to check. The whole test runs 120 minutes for most candidates, is sat on a computer with an erasable booklet provided for working, and bans calculators outright; plenty of questions can be settled by estimating and comparing.
官方考纲把物理拆成 P1 到 P7 七个板块
物理考纲用 P1 到 P7 编号，一共七个板块。按官方 Content Specification 附录 1 的编号逐条数，电学 2 条、磁学 5 条、力学 7 条、热学 4 条、物质 5 条、波 5 条、放射性 4 条，合计 32 条。条数不等于题量，电学只有两条细则，单是 P1.2 就从 a 排到 n，含电路符号、串并联规则与电功率公式。力学是条数最多的一块。物理也是三个理科模块里最窄的一个，覆盖完整个考纲比化学现实得多。官方写明一部分题考查直接应用，另一部分要求在不熟悉的情境里用原理推理。
The physics specification runs from P1 to P7 across seven headings, and Appendix 1 of the official document lists 32 numbered sub-topics beneath them: two under Electricity, five Magnetism, seven Mechanics, four Thermal physics, five Matter, five Waves and four Radioactivity. Counting sub-topics is not the same as counting marks, because a single line such as P1.2 runs from a to n and already carries circuit symbols, the series and parallel rules and the power formulas. UAT-UK states plainly that some questions are straightforward applications while others demand creative thinking in less familiar contexts, and physics is the narrowest of the three sciences, so full coverage before the sitting is realistic.
P1 电学只有两条细则 题量却不小
P1 电学只有两条细则，P1.1 静电与 P1.2 电路。静电要解释绝缘体摩擦带电来自电子的得失，同种电荷相斥、异种电荷相吸，并举出应用与危害，包括接地的作用。电路从识图开始，电池、电阻、可变电阻、电流表、电压表、开关与二极管都要认得。公式要会用 I = Q/t、R = V/I、V = E/Q、P = IV、E = VIt。官方只要求定性知道并联总电阻小于任一支路电阻，不要求背倒数求和。固定电阻与灯丝的 V-I 图要能读，热敏电阻与 LDR 也要知道阻值随温度、光照怎么变。常见的错误是把并联各处电压不同当成常识。
P1 carries only two sub-topics, electrostatics and electric circuits, yet the second of them runs from a to n. Electrostatics is about insulators charged by friction, the gain and loss of electrons, repulsion and attraction, plus the applications and hazards that earthing deals with; circuits begin with symbols for cells, resistors, variable resistors, ammeters, voltmeters, switches and diodes. You need I = Q/t, R = V/I, V = E/Q, P = IV and E = VIt, and the specification asks only for the qualitative fact that a parallel combination has a lower total resistance than any single branch. Reading the V-I graph of a fixed resistor against a filament lamp, and knowing how an NTC thermistor and an LDR respond to temperature and light, is enough for the rest.
P2 磁学从磁场方向一直考到变压器
P2 磁学五个子项：磁体性质、电流的磁场、电动机效应、电磁感应与变压器。磁体部分要画条形磁铁的磁感线方向，区分软磁与硬磁材料，理解感应磁化。电流磁场要画直导线与螺线管的磁感线，说明磁场强弱取决于哪些因素。电动机效应要用左手定则，会用 F = BIL，注意它只在导线与匀强磁场成直角时成立。电磁感应要解释切割磁感线为什么产生电压，并会读交流发电机的输出图像。变压器要会用 Vp/Vs = np/ns 与 VpIp = VsIs，说明远距离输电为什么升压。方向题是这一块丢分最集中的位置，题图里电流箭头朝里朝外都要对上。
Magnetism is five sub-topics in sequence: the properties of magnets, the field due to a current, the motor effect, electromagnetic induction and transformers. Field direction matters throughout, whether you are drawing flux lines around a bar magnet or a solenoid, applying the left-hand rule to a current-carrying wire, or explaining why cutting field lines induces a voltage; F = BIL applies only when the wire sits at right angles to a uniform field. Transformers are tested through Vp/Vs = np/ns and, at full efficiency, VpIp = VsIs, with transmission losses used to justify stepping voltage up, and the arrows showing current direction in the given figure are where marks in this block disappear.
P3 力学是物理模块里最大的一块
P3 力学有七条细则，是条数最多的一块。运动学要区分标量与矢量、距离与位移、速率与速度，从速度-时间图里取斜率与面积，官方单独点名了 v² = u² + 2as。力那一节要认得重力、支持力、阻力、摩擦力、推力、浮力与张力，会画受力图。力与伸长要用胡克定律 F = kx，理解弹性极限与正比极限。牛顿三定律的官方表述要能复述，质量与重量用 w = mg，g 大约取 10 N kg⁻¹。动量要用 p = mv 与一维守恒定律，并知道力等于动量的变化率。能量把功、mgh、½mv² 与效率公式连在一起，终端速度要把重力与随速度变化的阻力画到平衡。
Mechanics is the largest block at seven sub-topics. Kinematics asks you to separate scalars from vectors and to read gradients and areas off velocity-time graphs, with v squared minus u squared equals 2as the one equation of motion named explicitly in the specification; forces, extension and Newton's three laws then build on it. Momentum brings p = mv, conservation in one dimension and force as the rate of change of momentum, while the energy section ties work, mgh, kinetic energy and efficiency together; terminal velocity catches most candidates, because drag has to be linked to speed before the forces can balance.
P4 热学 传导 对流 热辐射 热容量
P4 热学四个子项：传导、对流、热辐射与热容量。传导要举出导热体与绝热体的例子，说出影响传导速率的因素。对流考温度如何改变流体的密度，密度差又怎样驱动流体流动。热辐射要说明它就是红外波段的电磁波，物体既吸收也发射，表面的颜色与粗糙程度影响速率。热容量要会用比热容公式把热量、质量与温度变化连起来，单位是 J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹。常见的错误是忘了辐射不需要介质，把真空里的散热也当成传导。这一块计算少，丢分多在文字表述上。
Thermal physics is four sub-topics: conduction, convection, thermal radiation and heat capacity. Conduction needs examples of conductors and insulators plus the factors that change the rate, such as the temperature difference, the material and the thickness; convection is explained through the effect of temperature on fluid density and the flow that density difference drives. Radiation is infrared electromagnetic waves, absorbed and emitted by every object at a rate set by surface colour and texture, and heat capacity links energy, mass, specific heat capacity and temperature change in J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹; the recurring slip is treating radiation as if it needed a medium.
P5 物质 密度 压强 理想气体与状态变化
P5 物质五个子项：物态、理想气体、状态变化、密度与压强。物态要用粒子模型解释固体、液体、气体的性质，从粒子运动、粒子间作用力与间距三个角度说。理想气体要求用粒子行为解释压强与温度，并在恒温下用 PV 等于常数做推断。状态变化要区分熔点与沸点，会用熔解热与汽化热做潜热计算。密度要用 ρ = m/V，会描述测量步骤，并比较三态密度的顺序。压强要区分力除以面积与液体压强 hρg，后者随深度变化。这一块最爱考的坑是把状态变化时温度升高当成必然。
Matter covers five sub-topics: states of matter, ideal gases, state changes, density and pressure. Particle models have to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases through motion, the forces between particles and the distances between them, and ideal gas questions ask for pressure and temperature explained by particle behaviour with PV constant at fixed temperature. Density is ρ = m/V together with an experimental method and the ranking of the three states, pressure is force per unit area for solids against hρg for a liquid at depth, and latent heat carries the state-change calculations; the trap that recurs is claiming the temperature rises while a substance is melting.
P6 波 折射改变什么 不改变什么
P6 波五个子项：波的性质、波的行为、光学、声波与电磁波谱。性质部分用 f = 1/T 与 v = fλ 把频率、周期、波长与波速连起来，区分横波与纵波，认得波峰、波谷、密部与疏部。波的行为要说清反射与折射分别改变速度、频率、波长、方向的哪几项，频率在折射时始终不变。光学要画平面镜反射与平面边界折射的光路，入射角等于反射角，折射时偏近或偏离法线对应速度变小或变大。声波要讲振动源与介质，响度对应振幅、音调对应频率，人耳范围是 20 Hz 到 20 kHz。电磁波谱要从无线电波排到伽马射线，每个波段一块考应用与危害。多普勒效应只要求定性，靠近时频率变高。
Waves covers five sub-topics: wave properties, wave behaviour, optics, sound and the electromagnetic spectrum. Properties are built on f = 1/T and v = fλ, with transverse and longitudinal waves distinguished by peak, trough, compression and rarefaction; behaviour is where candidates must say precisely what reflection and refraction do to speed, frequency, wavelength and direction, and the frequency that never changes on refraction is the point most often missed. Optics asks for ray diagrams at a plane mirror and a planar boundary, sound links loudness to amplitude and pitch to frequency across the 20 Hz to 20 kHz hearing range, and the spectrum runs from radio to gamma with an application and a hazard attached to each band.
P7 放射性 核方程 半衰期图像与穿透本领
P7 放射性四个子项：原子结构、放射性衰变、电离辐射与半衰期。原子结构要用质子、中子、电子解释原子，会写核素符号，说清原子序数与质量数，并解释电离来自电子的得失。衰变要说明辐射来自不稳定的原子核、衰变是随机的，区分 α、β、γ 三种辐射的本质，会用核方程配平质量数与原子序数。电离辐射要比较三种辐射的穿透本领与电离本领，α 电离最强、穿透最弱，并定性说明它们在电场与磁场里的偏转。半衰期要读衰变图像，包括衰变产物的累积曲线，并会做计算。最容易错的是把半衰期当成强度衰减速率。
Radioactivity has four sub-topics: atomic structure, radioactive decay, ionising radiation and half-life. Atomic structure is protons, neutrons and electrons, nuclide notation, atomic number and mass number, plus ionisation through electron gain or loss; decay covers emissions from unstable nuclei, randomness, the differences between alpha, beta and gamma, and nuclear equations that balance mass number and atomic number. Ionising radiation is compared for penetrating power and ionising power, alpha being the most ionising and the least penetrating, with qualitative deflection in electric and magnetic fields; half-life asks you to read decay graphs, including the build-up of decay products, and to calculate values.
失分点多半不是不会算 而是看错图
把七个板块放在一起看，丢分位置很集中。常见的错误是没看清题目要的是方向、单位还是符号，比如力问的是大小还是方向，能量问的是转移量还是功率。图像题占了不少分，V-I 图、速度-时间图、力-伸长图、衰变图都要从斜率、面积或截距里取信息。单位换算也容易失分，官方要求熟悉 nano 到 giga 的 SI 前缀与 m s⁻¹ 这类负指数写法，题目常给 cm 或 g，答案却要 SI 单位。题目会出现没学过的情境，官方说这是有意设计，用来区分能迁移知识的学生。大部分学生会在这里丢分，因为看到陌生情境就先去套公式。
Looking across all seven blocks, the lost marks cluster in a few places. The commonest error is reading the question wrongly, mistaking direction for magnitude, a transferred energy for a power, or the quantity asked for from the one that was easy to calculate; graph questions carry a large share, and V-I graphs, velocity-time graphs, force-extension graphs and decay curves all have to be mined for gradients, areas or intercepts. Unit conversion is the other quiet drain, since the specification expects fluency with SI prefixes from nano to giga and negative indices such as m s⁻¹, while questions often supply centimetres or grams and expect SI in the answer.
没有计算器也没有词典时的答题节奏
考场不允许用计算器，也不允许带词典，手算与估算就是基本技能。官方提供可擦写的草稿册，竖式、草图与单位换算都写在上面，别只靠心算。常用数值可以背一背，g 取 10 N kg⁻¹、空气中的声速、常用比热容都能用来快速判断数量级。遇到三位有效数字的乘除，先把数取整算一遍，再回来看选项，选项之间通常只差一个系数或一个数量级。时间分配上，第一轮收掉一眼能看出的题，第二轮再列式。官方明写答错不扣分，每道题都要给出答案，不要留空。
No calculator and no dictionary are allowed, so the arithmetic has to be done by hand or estimated. An erasable booklet is provided, which means written working, sketches and unit conversions belong on paper rather than in your head; worth committing to memory are g as about 10 N kg⁻¹, the speed of sound and the specific heat capacities that let you sanity-check an order of magnitude in seconds. Pacing matters more than speed: sweep the module once for questions that fall out by inspection, return for the ones needing algebra, and remember that incorrect answers score nothing against you, so leaving a blank is never the better option.
2027 入学两场考期与哪些专业要考物理模块
面向 2027 年入学，ESAT 有两场考期。十月场在 2026 年 10 月 12 日到 16 日，报名已于 2026 年 9 月 28 日 18:00 英国时间关闭，成绩定于 2026 年 11 月 16 日发布。一月场在 2027 年 1 月 4 日到 8 日，报名自 2026 年 10 月 26 日开放，截止到 2026 年 12 月 21 日 18:00。剑桥与牛津的申请人通常必须考十月场，例外只有剑桥一月截止的成熟学院与牛津的 Astrophoria 预科年。中国内地、香港与澳门的物理模块固定在 10 月 12 日、13 日或 1 月 6 日。需要物理模块的专业集中在工程与物理方向，帝国理工的 H401、H201、H600、H301、F300 与剑桥工程 H100、牛津工程科学 H100 都是数学 1、数学 2 加物理。官方免费材料里，Content Specification 与 ESAT Guide 的物理分册最直接。
For 2027 entry the ESAT has two sittings. The October sitting ran from 12 to 16 October 2026, with booking closed on 28 September 2026 and results due on 16 November 2026, while the January sitting runs from 4 to 8 January 2027 with booking open from 26 October 2026 to 21 December 2026. Cambridge and Oxford applicants normally must sit in October, the only exceptions being mature colleges at Cambridge with a January deadline and the Astrophoria Foundation Year at Oxford, and candidates in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau sit on fixed days, which for physics means 12 or 13 October 2026 or 6 January 2027. The physics module is compulsory mainly for engineering and physics courses, including Imperial's H401, H201, H600, H301 and F300, Cambridge Engineering H100 and Oxford's Engineering Science H100, and the free official material is the Content Specification together with the physics volume of the ESAT Guide.
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