学校出勤率 缺勤沟通 罚款通知 家长支持
孩子最近几周经常不去学校，学校来了一封信，说要谈一谈出勤。很多家长收到这样的信才第一次知道，学校的登记册是按课次算的，不是按天算的。缺勤累积到一定数量，学校与地方当局必须考虑罚款通知。这篇文章把英格兰的出勤规则、学校与家长的沟通渠道、可以申请的支持，以及走到法律程序会发生什么，逐条讲清楚。文中所有数字与流程都能在英国教育部官网（gov.uk）查到原文。
If your child has started missing school, the letter that arrives is often the first sign that the register counts sessions rather than days. Attendance in England is recorded twice a day, so a slow trickle of missed afternoons adds up faster than most families expect. This article sets out how attendance is measured, what schools and councils must do before any penalty notice, and where families can ask for support.
出勤率怎么算：每天两个课次
英格兰学校的登记册每天开两次，上午一次、下午一次，每一次叫一个课次。一个学年大约 190 个教学日，也就是约 380 个课次，出勤率就是实际到课的课次除以可能到课的课次。很多学生以为缺一整天只是掉了一天，其实直接掉两个课次。晚到也是同样的道理：如果到校时登记册已经关闭，这一节会记成缺勤而不是到课。学校发给家长的出勤报告里写的通常是百分比，那是按课次算出来的。想把出勤率维持在 96% 以上，一学年能缺的课次不到 15 个，折合大约 7 天。这里的余量比大多数家庭想象的要小。
Attendance is measured in sessions: one in the morning, one in the afternoon. A pupil who misses a whole day loses two sessions, and arriving after the register closes counts as an absence for that session rather than a late mark; this is why a run of missed afternoons can look alarming by half term. Schools publish a percentage, but the figure underneath it is sessions missed out of sessions possible, and a 96% target leaves very little room across a 190-day year.
官方统计：2025/26 学年秋季学期缺勤 6.47%
英国教育部官网（gov.uk）在 2026 年公布的 2025/26 学年秋季学期统计里，整体缺勤率是 6.47%，上一学年同期是 6.38%。持续缺勤的学生达到 129 万人，占 18.10%；严重缺勤 151,000 人，占 2.12%。疫情之前的秋季学期缺勤率一直低于 5%，2019 年秋季是 4.9%。生病仍是最主要的原因，占全部可能课次的 3.37%。中学的持续缺勤率是 21.53%，特殊学校是 35.09%。十一年级缺勤率最高，达到 9.26%，十年级的持续缺勤率最高，是 24.67%。这两个年级正好是考试与申请最吃紧的阶段。
The Department for Education's official statistics for the autumn term of 2025/26 put overall absence at 6.47%, with 1.29 million pupils persistently absent and 151,000 severely absent. Illness remains the single largest reason, and secondary schools carry a much higher persistent absence rate than primaries; absence also peaks in Years 10 and 11, the years that matter most for exams and university applications. Pre-pandemic autumn absence sat below 5%, so the gap is not a small one.
持续缺勤与严重缺勤：10% 与 50% 的分界线
法定指引《Working together to improve school attendance》把缺 10% 及以上的课次定义为持续缺勤，缺 50% 及以上定义为严重缺勤。这两个门槛不看缺勤的理由，只看数量，所以一串获准的病假同样会把孩子推进持续缺勤的统计里。差别在后果上：获准缺勤不会触发罚款，未获准缺勤才会累积到罚款红线。同一份统计里，符合免费校餐资格的学生出现严重缺勤的比例，是没有资格者的 3.7 倍。持教育健康照护计划（EHCP）的学生严重缺勤率是 7.4%，正在接受特殊教育支持的是 3.7%，没有任何特殊教育需要的是 0.9%。这组差距是官方要求学校先找障碍、再谈处罚的原因。
The statutory guidance defines persistent absence as missing 10% or more of sessions and severe absence as missing half of them; the thresholds count sessions, not reasons, so a long run of authorised illness still pushes a pupil into the persistent category. The consequences differ, though, because only unauthorised absence counts towards the penalty notice threshold. Pupils with an education, health and care plan are far more likely to be severely absent than pupils with no identified special educational needs, which is exactly why official guidance tells schools to look for barriers before reaching for sanctions.
缺勤代码：登记册里的字母代表什么
英格兰学校自 2024 年 9 月起按《2024 年学校出勤（学生注册）（英格兰）条例》登记缺勤，家长在报告里看到的是一串字母。到课记作斜杠符，L 表示迟到但登记册还没关、仍算到课。I 是生病，M 是就医，这两类属获准缺勤。G 是未获准的假期，O 是未获准的其他原因，U 是登记册关闭后才到校，这三类都算未获准缺勤。N 表示原因还在核实，学校核实后要改成对应的代码。C 码用于校长批准的特殊情形，B 码用于经学校批准、由受过培训的成年人现场督导的其他教育活动。常见的错误是把 O 码当成学校还没决定，其实它已经是一条未获准的记录了。
Since September 2024 schools have recorded absence under a fixed set of codes, and a parent who reads the attendance report closely can tell authorised from unauthorised absence at a glance. Illness and medical appointments are authorised; holidays taken without permission, other unauthorised reasons and arriving after the register closes are not. Families who want to challenge a code should ask for the session-by-session record and query it while the term is still running, because codes from older periods are far harder to correct.
孩子缺勤的第一天：通知与证据
学校通常要求家长在缺勤的第一天早上就通知学校，并说明原因与预计返校时间。病因或就医原因可以后补证据，例如预约短信、药袋标签或医生便条，学校也可能直接采信家长说明。医疗与牙科预约尽量安排在放学后或周末，只能排在上课时间的话，请把时间表提前交给学校。首席医疗官写给学校的信里说明，轻微不适不一定需要整天缺席，发烧、呕吐这类具体症状各有处理口径。如果孩子的缺勤与心理健康有关，教育部给学校的指引要求把心理支持与出勤支持放在一起做，而不是只记缺勤。家长也可以在第一步就提出希望学校提供哪一种支持。
Most schools ask to be told on the first morning, with a reason and an expected return date; evidence can follow, and the usual examples are an appointment text, a prescription label or a note from a clinician. Medical appointments booked outside the school day remove an obvious source of unauthorised absence. Where anxiety or low mood is the barrier, official guidance expects schools to combine mental health support with an attendance plan rather than simply recording the missed sessions.
学期内请假：只有特殊情形才可能获准
学期内的请假由校长决定，而且只适用于特殊情形，价格便宜的机票与家庭聚会都不在特殊情形之列。请假要提前以书面形式申请，并写明日期与原因，学校通常会在回复里写清哪几天被批准、哪几天不被批准。未获批准的缺席会记成 G 码或 O 码，直接进入未获准缺勤的累计。宗教节日属于学校应当考虑的情形，具体安排以学校公布的政策为准。英国教育部官网在 2026 年 8 月更新的沟通指南里提到，2024/25 学年最后一周采取断周放假的学校，该周缺勤率比整周上课的学校高出 2.6 个百分点。学期内的安排会直接反映在数据上。
Leave of absence in term time is granted at the headteacher's discretion and only in exceptional circumstances; a cheaper flight or a family gathering does not qualify. Requests should be made in writing and answered in writing, so a family can see which sessions were authorised and which were not. The DfE communication guide notes that in the final week of the 2024 to 2025 academic year, schools finishing with a broken week recorded absence rates 2.6 percentage points higher than schools finishing with a full week.
十个课次的红线：罚款通知必须被考虑
全国统一的门槛是任意滚动 10 个学校周内出现 10 个课次的未获准缺勤，折合大约 5 天。这 10 个课次不必连续，可以跨学期甚至跨学年累积，也可以由不同类型的未获准缺勤拼成，例如 4 个课次的学期内假期加上 6 个课次的关册后迟到。达到门槛不等于一定会收到罚款，学校必须按个案评估，先看支持是否更合适、是否还有别的工具更能改善出勤。三个字母最容易吃到这条红线：G、O 与 U。学校向地方当局提交罚款请求，通常不得晚于原始违规发生后的三个学校周。这一步最容易出问题的地方，是家长以为孩子只是迟到就不会算数。
The national threshold is ten sessions of unauthorised absence within any rolling ten-school-week period, roughly five days. The sessions need not be consecutive and may be made up of different kinds of unauthorised absence, including arriving after the register closes, and the ten weeks can span terms or academic years. Meeting the threshold does not settle the case on its own: schools must consider each case individually and weigh support first, and a request for a penalty notice normally has to reach the local authority within three school weeks.
罚款金额与阶梯：80 英镑与 160 英镑
2024 年 8 月 19 日起适用的全国框架把第一次罚款定在 160 英镑，21 天内缴清可减到 80 英镑，28 天内必须缴清。同一家长同一孩子在三年内收到第二次罚款，一律 160 英镑，没有折扣价。三年内最多只能开两张罚款通知，第三次达到门槛时就要换工具，通常是考虑起诉，也可能是其他出勤法律干预。罚款按家长逐人开，父母双方各收一张的情况并不少见。逾期不缴，地方当局可以起诉。罚款收入只能用于行政成本与出勤支持，多余部分上缴政府。
Under the national framework that applies from 19 August 2024, a first penalty notice is 160 pounds, reduced to 80 pounds if paid within 21 days and due in full within 28 days. A second notice for the same parent and child inside three years is a flat 160 pounds with no discounted rate, and no more than two notices can be issued in that period; a third breach moves the case to a different tool, usually prosecution. Each parent can be fined separately, and councils may only spend the money on administration and attendance support.
支持优先：罚款之前该先做什么
法定指引给学校与地方当局的顺序是先支持、后法律干预，罚款不是第一手段。可以先用上的支持包括：指定一名 lead practitioner 与家庭一起工作的出勤合约、早期帮助服务、地方当局的学校出勤支持团队、以及为具体障碍做的调整。孩子有特殊教育需要或心理健康问题时，支持应当写进计划里，而不是停留在口头建议。更正式的工具是教育督导令与养育令，前者由法院下达、要求家庭按督导计划配合，后者往往在家长被判有罪后用来推动其参与支持。教育部在 2025 年推出的 RISE 出勤与行为中心计划，由 90 所出勤与行为表现稳定的牵头学校带动约 5,000 所学校，其中 500 所需要 10 天、跨三个学期的密集领导支持。
Statutory guidance sets out a support-first sequence: voluntary help, then an attendance contract with a named lead practitioner, early help and the council's school attendance support team, with legal tools kept for cases where support has not worked. An education supervision order or a parenting order sits further up that ladder and normally follows a court involvement. The RISE attendance and behaviour hubs programme pairs 90 lead schools with around 5,000 schools, and 500 settings receive ten days of intensive leadership support across three terms.
教育部的沟通指南：哪些信息有效，哪些无效
英国教育部官网在 2026 年 8 月 19 日更新了《Communicating with parents about school attendance》指南，专门讲学校怎么与家长谈出勤。指南给出 9 条沟通原则、分级的信息模板、一页版出勤政策模板，以及可以直接复制使用的内容，覆盖生病与就医怎么做、特殊情形请假、准时到校、宗教节日与如何申请支持。指南明确列出无效的信息类型：暗示家长失职、归咎、把学校指标放在孩子前面、把家庭推开的说法都不会带来改善。研究还发现家长常把孩子的出勤描述为很好，与学校的课次数据不一致，属于认知差异而不是故意对抗。指南建议学校在开学、家长会、学期末与升学过渡几个节点主动沟通，而不是等缺勤累积到红线才开口。
The DfE guide on communicating with parents about attendance, updated on 19 August 2026, offers schools nine principles, stepped message templates, a one-page attendance policy template and ready-to-use content covering illness, medical appointments, leave of absence and punctuality. It also lists the messages that backfire, including anything that implies poor parenting, apportions blame or puts school metrics ahead of the child. Research cited in the guide found that many parents describe attendance as very good when the register says otherwise, which points to a perception gap rather than resistance.
出勤会议：家长去之前要准备什么
收到出勤会议的邀请后，第一件事是向学校要一份逐课次的记录，看清哪些课次被记成缺勤、用的是什么代码。第二步是问清楚谁是学校的出勤负责人，以及接下来由谁在什么时候做什么。如果孩子有特殊教育需要、身体障碍或心理健康问题，可以要求学校说明已经提供了哪些合理调整，以及还需要什么才能让孩子回到课堂。会议结论请学校以书面形式确认，避免口头承诺没有下文。不少学校愿意把学生本人也请进来，让孩子自己说出上学的障碍。如果家长觉得某条记录有误，当场提出并请学校核实，比事后追溯省事得多。
Before an attendance meeting, ask for the session-by-session record so you can see which sessions are marked absent and under which code, then find out who the school's attendance lead is and what happens next. Where a child has special educational needs, a disability or a mental health difficulty, ask what reasonable adjustments are already in place and what else would help them return; asking for the outcome in writing keeps the plan alive after the meeting. Many schools invite the pupil as well, because the barriers are usually easier to name when the child is in the room.
走到法院会怎样：起诉、罚款与养育令
不缴罚款超过 28 天，地方当局可以按《1996 年教育法》第 444 条起诉家长。法院的最高罚款是 2,500 英镑，也可能判社区令，情节严重的可处最长三个月监禁。法院还可以下养育令，要求家长参加育儿课程并按指令配合，把它当作推动家庭获得支持的工具。起诉是出勤法律干预阶梯的最后一段，在此之前通常已经用过合约、督导令等更轻的工具。需要分清的是，父母的法定义务是让孩子接受有效率的全日制教育，按时上学只是最常见的实现方式，这一点写在《1996 年教育法》第 7 条里。
If a penalty notice is not paid within 28 days, the council may prosecute under section 444 of the Education Act 1996; the maximum fine in court is 2,500 pounds, and a community order, a parenting order or, in serious cases, up to three months in custody are all possible. Prosecution sits at the end of the intervention ladder, after contracts and supervision orders have usually been tried. Parents sometimes assume that court is only about attendance, but the legal duty is to secure efficient full-time education, and regular school attendance is the usual way of meeting it.
常见误区与三件可以马上做的事
常见的错误是等着学校先联系，缺勤记录却在这段时间一直累加。另一个误区是以为发了消息就自动算请假，实际上能不能获准要看理由，未获准的部分照样进 G 码或 O 码。很多学生以为学期内请假只要家长写封信就行，忽略了校长只在特殊情形下才有批准的空间。可以马上做的事有三件：今天就联系学校说明原因与预计返校时间；向学校要逐课次的记录，核对代码；在下一次出勤会议前，写下孩子不去学校的具体障碍，并明确希望学校提供哪一种支持。做完这三件，会议的话题通常会从为什么缺勤转向怎么让孩子回去上课。
Two assumptions cause most of the trouble: that the school will make the first move while the register keeps counting, and that a message home automatically authorises the absence. Ask for the session record, check the codes, and write down the specific barriers before the next meeting. Support in England is meant to come before sanctions, so naming the barrier is usually the fastest route to getting help.
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