在家教育 弹性上学 出勤代码 C2 双注册
在英格兰，把孩子留在学校还是带回家自己教，法律上的分界不在家里教了多少，而在孩子还在不在学校的学籍册上。学籍状态不同，出勤记录的写法就完全不同：弹性上学的孩子每缺席一部分课时都会被记进出勤率，在家教育的孩子在学校系统里根本没有出勤记录。这两种安排常被家长放在一起谈，但它们的法律依据、适用的缺勤代码、考试报名路径各不相同。
Under English law the decisive difference between flexi-schooling and elective home education is not how much teaching happens at home, but whether the child is still on a school roll; a flexi-schooled pupil stays registered, so every session away from school is coded and counted, whereas a home-educated child drops off the roll and leaves the school attendance system altogether. The two routes also rely on different legal provisions, apply different absence codes, and arrange exam entries in different ways.
教育是义务，上学不是：1996 年教育法第 7 条
《1996 年教育法》第 7 条把义务写在父母身上，要求孩子接受与其年龄、能力和性向相称的、有效率的全日制教育，方式可以是按时到校，也可以是其他方式。条文里没有要求孩子必须坐在教室里，所以英格兰的义务教育并不等于强制上学。地方政府不能仅凭家长选择在家教育就认定违法，但在怀疑孩子没有接受合适教育时可以介入，依据是同法第 436A 条和第 437 条。第 437 条允许地方当局发出书面通知，要求家长在不少于 15 天内说明教育安排。在家教育和弹性上学都挂在这同一条义务下面，真正的分岔是孩子还在不在学籍册上。这个位置决定了后面所有的代码、统计口径和考试报名安排。
Section 7 of the Education Act 1996 places the duty on parents, requiring an efficient full-time education suitable to the child's age, ability and aptitude, whether by regular attendance at school or otherwise; school attendance itself is not compulsory in England. A local authority cannot treat elective home education as unlawful, yet it may intervene where it appears that a child is not receiving a suitable education, using sections 436A and 437, and the latter allows a written notice giving parents at least 15 days to demonstrate suitable provision. Flexi-schooling and home education sit under that same duty, and what separates them is whether the child remains on a school roll, which shapes every code and statistic that follows.
在家教育：从学籍册上除名，通知而非审批
选择在家教育时，家长要做的是通知学校，而不是申请批准。依据《2024 年学校出勤（学生注册）（英格兰）条例》，家长以书面形式告知校长孩子从某一天起不再到校、改为在校外接受教育，学校就要在触发日之后把名字从学籍册上删除。校长随后必须把这次删除报告给地方当局，这一步由学校完成，不需要家长自己再去通知。如果孩子就读的是地方当局安排的特殊学校，删除学籍前要先取得地方当局同意。如果孩子身上还挂着一份入学令，也要先由地方当局撤销。对绝大多数家庭来说，通知就是全部手续，没有考试，没有审批，也没有年度复核。地方当局关心的不是家长为什么这样选，而是这份教育安排本身是否合适。
For home education the parent gives notice rather than seeking permission: a written statement to the headteacher saying the child will stop attending from a stated date obliges the school to delete the name from the admission register once that date is reached. The school, not the parent, must then report the deletion to the local authority; extra steps appear only where a child attends a local-authority-placed special school, which requires consent first, or where a school attendance order is in force and must be revoked. For most families that is the whole procedure, with no examination, approval or annual review, and the authority's interest lies in the suitability of the provision rather than the reason for choosing it.
弹性上学：留在册上，主课表被拆成两部分
弹性上学走的是另一条路，孩子仍然是这所学校的注册学生，只是经校长同意，一部分课时在校完成，一部分在家里或其他场所完成。因为它没有把名字从学籍册上拿掉，地方当局的官方口径里，这类孩子不算在家教育。格洛斯特郡议会官网 2025 年 11 月修订的在家教育政策就写明，孩子可能主要在家受教，但通过商定的弹性安排每周到校若干天，仍然不视为在家教育。这个身份差别立刻带来后果，学校仍要为他点名、记代码、报数据，缺掉的那部分课时会被计入缺勤。弹性安排能不能谈成，主动权在校长手里，没有法律条文强制学校必须同意。
Flexi-schooling keeps the child on the roll: the pupil is still registered at the school, but part of the timetable is completed at home or elsewhere with the headteacher's agreement. Because the name never leaves the admission register, local authority policy does not treat such a child as home educated, and Gloucestershire County Council's home education policy, reviewed in November 2025, states that a child attending school for part of the week under an agreed flexi-school arrangement is not considered home educated. In practice the school keeps registering the pupil, keeps coding the sessions and keeps reporting the numbers, so the missing part of the timetable counts as absence; whether the arrangement is granted at all rests with the headteacher, since no statute obliges a school to agree.
2024 年 9 月起启用的一套新出勤代码
出勤记录不是学校随手写的备注，而是一套法定代码，每个代码对应一个统计口径。《2024 年学校出勤（学生注册）（英格兰）条例》从 2024 年 9 月起引入新的代码体系，取消了原来的 H 码和 J 码，H 码改为 C 码，J 码改为 J1。新体系里增加了 C1 和 C2 两个带假期的代码，也增加了 Y1 到 Y7 七个无法到校的代码。学校每天要点两次名，上午一次下午一次，每一次都要落到具体代码上。代码选错，统计口径就错，进而影响学校被问责的指标。所以出勤代码既是记录工具，也是问责工具，家长看代码就能看出学校把孩子的哪种情形算成了哪一类。
Attendance is not free-text note-taking but a set of statutory codes, and the School Attendance (Pupil Registration) (England) Regulations 2024 introduced a revised set from September 2024: code H was replaced by code C and code J by code J1, while C1 and C2 arrived alongside Y1 to Y7 for pupils who cannot attend. Schools register pupils twice a day, once in the morning and once in the afternoon, and every session must carry the right code, because a wrong code changes the statistical category that schools are held to account for. The codes therefore serve two purposes at once, recording what happened and feeding the accountability figures that follow.
C2 码：弹性上学的缺席部分写在哪
弹性上学被拆出去的那部分课时，通常记在 C2 码上。C2 的定义是义务教育年龄的学生按校长与家长商定的部分时间课表上课，统计上归入经批准的缺勤。这句话里有三个要点，安排要商定，课表要部分时间，而且要出自校长同意。未经商定就把孩子留在家里的那部分课时，代码会往未批准的方向走，出勤率照样下降。所以弹性上学不是让缺勤消失，而是把缺勤变成经批准、写进档案的缺勤。家长在跟学校谈的时候，最好把每周到校的天数、时长和起止日期写成书面文件，代码才有依据。常见的错误是只跟班主任口头说好，几个月后数据出来才发现代码不是自己以为的那一种。
Code C2 normally records the sessions a flexi-schooled pupil misses, since it covers a pupil of compulsory school age placed on a part-time timetable agreed by the headteacher and the parent, and it is classified statistically as authorised absence. Agreement matters at both ends, because a timetable the school accepts is authorised, while simply keeping a child at home without one drifts towards the unauthorised codes and lowers the attendance rate all the same. Put the agreed days, hours and dates in writing, because that document is what justifies the code; the classic mistake is settling everything verbally with a form tutor and discovering later that the recorded code is not the expected one.
B 码不是在家学习：远程学习不能用
很多学生以为，孩子在家按学校发的材料自学，就该记 B 码。B 码的正式名称是接受其他经批准的教育活动，适用场景是学生被安排在校外、由学校认为具备相应技能与培训的成年人现场督导。教育部已经澄清，B 码不能用于远程学习，哪怕在旁边监督的是家长本人。这条界线把在家自学和校外的正规课程区分开，去学院修的职业技能课可能记 B 码，坐在家里看录播课不行。常见的错误是把 B 码当成万能通行证，实际上它对应的是有人现场负责的实体安排。代码用错了，家长以为已经报备，学校统计里却是另一种缺勤。
Code B, officially any other approved educational activity, applies where a pupil is educated off site at a supervised activity approved by the school, and the Department for Education has clarified that it cannot be used for remote learning even when a parent is the one supervising. That line separates independent study at home from a proper off-site course, so a vocational course at a college can carry code B while watching recorded lessons in the living room cannot. Treating B as a general permission slip is a common mistake, because the code describes a supervised, physical arrangement with an adult the school considers appropriately trained, not an arrangement that exists only on paper.
D 码：双注册，且不计入可能出勤
D 码用于双注册，也就是学生在两所学校同时有名，按课表到另一所学校上课的那些课时用 D 码记录，典型场景是短期去学生转介单位、医院学校或者特殊学校。这一码的特点在于它不计入可能出勤的次数，所以不会把出勤率拉低。这里有个容易走偏的地方，如果孩子只是在学校上一部分课、其余时间在家，用的是 C2 而不是 D。官方指引把两种情形分得很清楚，D 码对应另一所注册学校，C2 对应部分时间课表。选错代码会让统计口径从经批准的缺勤变成根本不计数，学校的出勤指标跟着变形，家长看到的数字也对不上。
Code D marks dual registration and is used for sessions a pupil spends at the other school where he or she is also registered, most often a pupil referral unit, a hospital school or a special school for a temporary period. Its statistical effect is that those sessions are not counted as possible attendances, so they do not pull the attendance rate down, whereas a child who attends school for part of the week and studies at home the rest is recorded under C2 rather than D. Official guidance draws that line sharply, because choosing the wrong code turns authorised absence into a session nobody counts and distorts the figures schools report.
出勤率怎么算：两条路的结果差距很大
出勤率等于实际到课次数除以可能到课次数，法定指导把缺 10% 及以上定义为持续缺勤，缺 50% 及以上定义为严重缺勤。弹性上学的孩子如果每周少上两天课，出勤率会稳定停在六成左右，很容易踩进持续缺勤的统计范围。在家教育的孩子不在任何学校的出勤系统里，没有代码，没有出勤率，也不会出现在学校的缺勤名单上。这带来一个反向的后果，地方当局要判断在家教育是否合适，靠的是家长提供的教育说明，而不是出勤数字。两条路的监控方式因此完全不同，一条靠数据，一条靠沟通。
An attendance rate is the number of sessions attended divided by the number of possible sessions, and statutory guidance defines persistent absence as missing 10 per cent or more and severe absence as missing 50 per cent or more. A flexi-schooled pupil who is out of school two days a week will sit near 60 per cent attendance and can easily fall inside the persistent absence statistics, whereas a home-educated child has no codes and no rate at all and never appears on a school absence list. Monitoring therefore works in opposite directions, since one route is watched through data and the other through the written account of education that parents provide.
考试报名：在册的由学校报，不在册的做私人考生
考试报名是两条路差别最实际的地方。弹性上学的孩子仍有学籍，学校可以按常规为他报名，考点、特殊安排和监考都在学校体系内解决。在家教育的孩子属于私人考生，要自己找到愿意接收的考点，通过考试局的考点检索工具联系，并交报名费和考点的行政费用。JCQ 官网的指引写明，考点可以自行决定收费标准和内部截止日期，接收私人考生的中心必须为该资格提供全部非考试评估。以 Edexcel 英国考点为例，2027 年 6 月场次的截止日写在 2027 年 2 月 21 日，逾期还可能被收更高的费用。这件事要提前一年排进计划，不是报名季再动手。
Exam entry is where the two routes diverge most for families: a flexi-schooled pupil keeps a school place, so the school enters him in the usual way and handles the centre, access arrangements and invigilation, while a home-educated child becomes a private candidate who must find a centre willing to take them, using the exam boards' centre search tools and paying both the entry fee and any administrative charge. JCQ guidance says centres set their own fees and internal deadlines, and any centre that accepts private candidates must offer the non-exam assessment for that qualification. Edexcel's UK centre deadline for the June 2027 series is 21 February 2027, with late entries costing more, so this belongs in the plan a year ahead rather than in the week of entry.
通知与同意的边界：什么时候需要地方当局点头
通知这件事，法律只要求一种形式，家长书面告知校长，不必给出理由，也不必等批准。校长不该为了处理开除或者出勤问题而劝家长把孩子带回家教，这一点在地方当局的政策文件里写得相当直接。真正需要同意的情形只有两类，孩子就读于地方当局安排的特殊学校，或者身上背着入学令。主流学校的孩子即使持有教育、健康与照护计划，家长转为在家教育也不需要地方当局点头。很多家长以为在家教育要先拿到批文，实际上要等的是学籍删除那一步完成，因为在那之前缺勤仍然按普通学生处理。
The notice itself has only one required form, a written notification to the headteacher with no reason given and no waiting for approval, and schools are told not to encourage home education as a way of handling an exclusion or a poor attendance record. Consent is needed in just two situations, where the child attends a local-authority-placed special school or where a school attendance order is in force. A pupil at a mainstream school does not need local authority agreement to deregister even with an education, health and care plan in place; the step to watch is completion of the register deletion, because until then the absence is still treated as ordinary absence.
儿童不在校登记册还没生效：2026 年新法的时间表
《2026 年儿童福祉与学校法》在 2026 年 4 月 29 日获得御准，成为正式法律。其中第 37 至 42 条涉及不在校儿童，要求地方当局维护一份不在任何学校注册的儿童名册，家庭需要在册内提供基本信息，特定情形下还要地方当局同意才能退学。这部法律覆盖英格兰和威尔士，但条文生效需要启动令，截至 2026 年 10 月，家长登记义务还没有运行。官方口径把最早落地时间指向 2027 年，眼下既没有统一入口，也没有必须填写的表格。如果地方当局说一切已经变了，家长可以请对方指出依据的是哪一条已经生效的规定。
The Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 received Royal Assent on 29 April 2026, and sections 37 to 42 deal with children not in school: local authorities must keep a register of children who are not registered at any school, families will have to supply basic information, and in certain safeguarding or special-school cases consent will be required before a child leaves a roll. Commencement is staggered rather than automatic, and as of October 2026 the parental register duty is not in operation, with official statements pointing to 2027 at the earliest, so no portal and no mandatory form exists yet. If a council says everything has changed, parents can ask which commenced provision it is relying on.
常见误区与三件该提前做的事
很多学生以为弹性上学就是在家教育的一半，其实两者的法律身份相邻但不同，一个还在册，一个已经退册。常见的错误是只跟班主任口头说好，没有留下日期和书面记录，等到出勤数据出来才发现代码不是自己以为的那种。准备上可以抓三件事，把商定的课表写成书面文件并保留副本，退册的家庭记好告知信的日期，考试计划提前一年排进时间表。在家教育不需要模仿学校，但需要能说清楚孩子在学什么、怎么学、学到什么程度，因为地方当局随时可能要求这份说明。对弹性上学来说，反过来要盯住代码和数据，因为学校报给教育部的每一个数字都来自那两行点名记录。
Many students assume that flexi-schooling is simply half of home education, yet the two sit next to each other legally without being the same thing, because one pupil stays on a roll and the other does not. The classic mistake is agreeing everything verbally with a form tutor and keeping no dated record, then discovering much later that the recorded code is not the one the family expected. Three habits cover most of the risk: put the agreed timetable in writing and keep a copy, note the date of any deregistration letter, and build the exam entry plan into the timetable a year ahead, since home education needs no imitation of school but does need a clear account of what is being studied and how.
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