英国学校体育课 课外运动 两小时 参与率
体育课在很多学生的课表里只占两格，却常常是他们一生中最后一次被系统地教怎么动。英国政府从 2023 年起把每周两小时体育课和一项课外运动机会写进学校的公开承诺，Ofsted 官网在同年 9 月发布的体育学科报告里逐校检查了这件事。报告走访 25 所小学与 25 所中学，结论不是时间不够，而是这段时间怎么用。英格兰的学校体育还有一个更大的背景：只有不到一半的孩子达到每天平均 60 分钟的活动量。这篇文章把官方数据、学校做法和家长的检查点放在一起，帮助学生与家长看清哪些环节决定参与率。
Two hours of PE a week barely registers on a school timetable, yet for many pupils it is the last time anyone teaches them how to move well. Since 2023 schools in England have been asked to publish a commitment to two hours of curriculum PE plus extra-curricular sport, and Ofsted checked how that looks in practice. Its PE subject report, published in September 2023, visited 25 primary and 25 secondary schools between November 2022 and June 2023. The finding is not that timetables are too short; it is that the time is often used without a clear purpose, and fewer than half of children in England currently meet the Chief Medical Officers' activity guideline.
两小时体育课：国家期望与学校实际差距
Ofsted 官网的 2023 年体育学科报告给出的时间事实比较清楚：多数小学每周安排两小时体育课，中学只有大约一半在第三学段和第四学段都做到两小时。政府提出的两小时是一条非强制性要求，学校需要在课程规划里说明怎么落实，而不是只在课表上写两小时。很多学生以为体育课的性质就是跑一跑、放松一下，实际上报告把它当作一门有明确知识终点的学科来评价。常见的错误是只看时间够不够，不看在两小时里每个学生真正活动了多少分钟。报告还发现，多数学校的排课时间其实足以教一套有雄心的课程，短板出在课程设计与教学的连贯性。这解释了为什么同样两小时，有的学校学生愿意继续参加社团，有的学校学生上完课就走。
Most primary schools in England timetable two hours of PE a week, while only around half of secondary schools manage that in both key stage 3 and key stage 4. The two-hour expectation is not statutory, so schools are asked to explain in their planning how it is delivered rather than simply printing it on a timetable. Timetabling is rarely the real constraint, because most schools have enough time for a broad and ambitious curriculum, yet the way that time is structured varies enormously from one school to the next.
课程连贯性决定学生愿不愿意继续参与
报告指出不少学校的课程缺少连贯性，原因是把大量运动项目都塞进一年，学生每项只体验很短一段。Ofsted 给出的一个参考数字是，一个主题在体育课上平均每年只学五个小时。课程先追求广度时，学生知道什么、能做什么往往很有限，也很难建立继续练习的信心。课程较强的学校会先把最合适的活动排在前面，因为这些活动能教给学生这门学科真正需要的知识。另一种失误是把比赛直接放在技能之后，学生还没掌握基本动作就被推进对抗，结果在场上被边缘化，慢慢不再愿意参加。很多学生以为兴趣决定参与，实际上能否完成动作、能否在比赛中不掉队，更接近他们愿不愿意留下来的真实原因。这一步最容易在中学阶段被忽略，因为中学的选项多、场地紧、时间碎。
Many PE curriculums in England lack coherence because they squeeze a long list of activities into a single year and give pupils only brief experience of each. Ofsted offers a striking reference point: a topic in PE receives an average of just five hours a year. When breadth comes first, what pupils know and can do at the end of a unit stays thin; stronger schools choose the activities that teach the knowledge pupils most need, and competition is introduced only after the basic action is secure.
课外社团的广度足够但出勤记录缺失
课外运动的供给比很多人想象得丰富。Ofsted 官网在两个学段的走访中都发现，学校提供的社团与活动范围广泛，学生有机会体验不同项目，也能把课上学的东西练得更熟。问题出在后面这一步：超过一半的学校没有记录学生参加课外社团的出勤情况。没有出勤记录，学校就无法判断自己的社团项目是不是对所有学生都开放，也无法知道哪些群体一直在缺席。参与率的差距往往不是由项目数量造成的，而是由能否被看见、被邀请、被安排在合适的时间段造成的。常见的错误是把社团报名表当成出勤证据，报名人数好看，实际每周到场的人数可能少得多。有学校把每学期的到场名单拿出来对照学生名册，才发现经常缺席的总是同一批人。
Extra-curricular sport in England is broad and ambitious, and both primary and secondary pupils get the chance to try different activities and to practise what they learn in lessons. The weak point sits one step later, because over half of the schools Ofsted visited did not monitor attendance at their clubs and activities. Without that record a school cannot tell whether its programme is genuinely inclusive, and sign-up sheets are not attendance data: registers compared with pupil lists often show the same names missing every term.
出勤数据是提高参与的第一件工具
把参与率做起来，起点不是增加项目，而是先把到场情况变成可追踪的数据。学校可以记录每周参加社团的人数、年级分布、性别分布，以及有特殊教育需要或领取免费校餐的学生比例。这些记录让学校能看出哪些环节在漏人，也能验证一次调整是不是真的有效。Ofsted 官网建议学校发展能给课内体育增加深度的课外项目，而不是简单重复课上的内容，因为重复本身不会带来新的知识。很多学生放弃社团的原因很普通：时间与回家路线冲突、器材不合适、担心自己在队伍里最差。这些原因只有被逐条问出来才可能被解决，靠感觉调整通常都调不到点上。
Raising participation starts with turning attendance into trackable data rather than adding more clubs to the list. Schools can record weekly numbers by year group, gender, and whether pupils have special educational needs or receive free school meals, because that record shows where the gaps are and whether a change actually worked. Ofsted recommends extra-curricular programmes that add depth to timetabled PE instead of repeating lesson content; the reasons pupils drop out are usually practical, such as clashing travel arrangements, unsuitable kit or a fear of being the weakest in the group.
平等参与：女孩与男孩之间的活动差距
2023 年 3 月 8 日国际妇女节当天，英国政府公布了新的学校体育标准，明确要求学校在体育课与课外时间向男女学生提供同样的运动项目。配套做法是把平等供给写进学校游戏奖的评定，供给对等的学校才能拿到相应标志。从 2023 年 9 月起，学校还需要在自己的规划与实施里说明如何克服性别障碍。Ofsted 官网在报告里引用了一项调查，第九到第十一学段的女生当中只有 15% 同意自己觉得运动与体育很轻松。很多学生以为差距来自兴趣，实际上报告把差距更多归到信心与能力感上。当学生觉得自己做不好，退出往往在兴趣表态之前就已经发生。
The government set a new standard on 8 March 2023, requiring schools to offer girls and boys the same sports during PE and extra-curricular time, with parity of provision assessed through the School Games Mark. From September 2023 schools have also had to show in their planning how they are removing gender barriers to participation. Ofsted cites a survey in which only 15% of girls in years 9 to 11 agreed that they found exercise and sport easy, which points to confidence and competence rather than interest as the place where the gap opens.
足球供给：从欧洲杯到中学场地
根据英足总官网此前公布的数字，小学阶段有 72% 的女生踢球的量与男生相当，到了中学这个比例降到 44%，而提供同等课后足球机会的中学只有 40%。政府在 2025 年宣布新的学校体育方向时引用的另一个数字是，只有 50% 的中学让男女学生平等使用足球资源。这两组数字年份与统计口径不同，但指向同一个位置：中学阶段是参与率下滑最快的地方。很多学生以为场地紧张是无法改变的条件，实际上更常见的限制是时间段分配与教练安排。同一块场地在放学后先给谁用、由谁来带、报名怎么公布，都会直接影响女生能不能进场。学校把这几件事写清楚，足球参与率的落差通常会先缩小一部分。
Football Association figures show that 72% of girls play as much football as boys at primary school, falling to 44% in secondary school, where only 40% of schools offered girls the same after-school access. When the government set out its new direction for school sport in 2025, it cited a figure of just 50% of secondary schools providing equal access to football. The drop is steepest at secondary level, and the practical constraints are usually timetable slots, coach allocation and how clubs are advertised rather than pitch shortage.
有特殊教育需要学生的参与
Ofsted 发现只有大约一半的被访学校把有特殊教育需要与残障的学生支持得比较好，这些学校共同的做法是课程终点写得清楚、员工受过训练、给教师的信息具体到可以执行。由青年体育信托牵头的 Inclusion 2024 项目写进了 2023 年 7 月更新的学校体育与活动行动计划，在 2024 年 3 月之前每年投入 30 万英镑，用来增加残障学生参加体育与活动的机会。首席医务官的指南对残障儿童与青少年给出的建议是每天 20 分钟活动量，而不是 60 分钟，因为可用的证据不同。常见的错误是把支持理解成减少要求，实际有效的做法是改变活动的条件与器材，让学生仍然能完成同一类动作。很多学生以为被排除在队伍之外是因为能力不足，其实常常只是规则没有为他们调整过。这一节最容易被忽视的地方是评估：学校要能说清哪些学生需要哪些调整，而不是等到冲突发生才处理。
Ofsted found that only around half of the schools it visited supported pupils with special educational needs and disabilities well, and those schools shared clear curriculum end points, well-trained staff and specific information for teachers. The Inclusion 2024 programme, led by the Youth Sport Trust and funded at 300,000 pounds a year until March 2024, aimed to widen access for disabled pupils. The Chief Medical Officers' guidelines recommend 20 minutes of daily activity for disabled children and young people rather than 60, and effective support changes the conditions and equipment rather than lowering the demand.
游泳与水安全：最难拉平的一项指标
Ofsted 官网在报告里引用了一个很能说明问题的对比：家庭条件较好的学生，能独立游完 25 米的概率是家庭条件较差学生的两倍。游泳因此成为学校体育里最难自动拉平的项目，因为它依赖场地、课时与家庭额外支出的配合。体育经费的拨款条件要求学校在每年 7 月 31 日之前，在官网公布六年级学生达到国家课程游泳要求的百分比，包括游 25 米、使用多种泳姿与完成安全自救三项。这套要求只要求公布数字，并没有设定达标线，所以同一份报告里可能出现达标率很低而学校并不违规的情况。常见的错误是把它当成一次性的统计，实际上补足性的游泳与水安全课正是这笔经费允许支出的项目之一。家长在选校时可以直接查这组数字，再问学校这一年打算怎么补上缺口。
Ofsted cites a comparison that captures the problem: pupils from high-affluence families are twice as likely to be able to swim 25 metres unaided as pupils from low-affluence families. The funding conditions for the PE and sport premium require schools to publish, by 31 July each year, the percentage of year 6 pupils meeting the national curriculum swimming requirements, covering 25 metres, a range of strokes and safe self-rescue. Publishing the number is the requirement rather than reaching a particular number, and top-up swimming and water safety lessons are one of the few eligible uses of that funding.
活动量标准：平均每天 60 分钟怎么算
gov.uk 官网的体力活动指南建议 5 到 18 岁的儿童与青少年在一周内平均每天至少完成 60 分钟中等至高强度的活动。指南特别说明，这 60 分钟不限于体育课，上学路上的步行、课间活动、课后运动与自由玩耍都可以计入。它也要求活动类型与强度多样，以发展动作技能、肌肉力量与骨骼强度，同时尽量减少久坐时间。很多学生以为只有喘不上气的训练才算运动，实际上快走、骑车上学与课间跑动同样计入总量。常见的错误是只算体育课那两小时，然后得出学生活动量已经足够的结论。按一周计算，60 分钟平均值的真正含义是允许某一天少一点，但整周不能被两节课包住。
The UK Chief Medical Officers' guidelines recommend that children and young people aged 5 to 18 build up an average of at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity a day across the week. That total is deliberately broad, counting PE lessons, walking to school, break-time activity, after-school sport and play, and it asks for a variety of types and intensities to develop movement skills, muscular fitness and bone strength. Because the figure is a weekly average, a quiet day does not break the guideline, but two PE lessons a week cannot meet it on their own.
真实活动水平：不到一半学生达标
Sport England 官网的 Active Lives 儿童与青少年调查覆盖英格兰 1 到 11 年级的学生，最新一版在 2025 年 12 月发布，对应 2024 至 2025 学年。结果显示 49.1% 的学生达到首席医务官的活动量建议，也就是 360 万人；另有 28.4% 也就是 210 万人，平均每天活动不到 30 分钟。这已经是该调查自 2017 年启动以来的最好水平，比上一学年多出 7.2 万名达标学生，比 2017 至 2018 学年提高了 5.8%。同一份报告也指出，同时具备多项不利特征的学生中只有 40% 达标，而没有这些特征的学生达标率是 54%。下一版数据计划在 2026 年 12 月发布。很多学生以为活动量不足主要发生在不参加社团的孩子身上，实际的差距同时分布在性别、家庭条件与残障状况上。
Sport England's Active Lives Children and Young People Survey covers pupils in years 1 to 11 in England, and the latest release in December 2025 reported 49.1%, or 3.6 million pupils, meeting the Chief Medical Officers' guideline. A further 28.4%, about 2.1 million, averaged less than 30 minutes a day, while the active share is the highest since the survey began in 2017, up 5.8 percentage points on 2017-18 and 1.3 percentage points on the previous year. The same report notes that only 40% of pupils with several characteristics of inequality meet the guideline, compared with 54% of those with none.
资金模式要变：从直接拨款到伙伴网络
2026 年 5 月，教育部公布了一套超过 10 亿英镑的学校体育投入方案。其中 5.8 亿英镑用于建立新的体育与学校运动伙伴网络，计划在 2027 年春季全面运行，并取代现行的体育与运动经费。另外近 2 亿英镑用于改善学校体育设施，1 亿英镑作为过渡期的一次性付款支持小学。新网络由一个全国交付伙伴与各运动管理机构合作，向学校提供通用支持与定向支持，定向部分可以包括质量有保证的教练、补足性游泳课与更多课外机会，直接针对男女学生之间以及弱势学生与同龄人之间的活动差距。旧模式下的经费条件在过渡学年仍然有效，2026 至 2027 学年的拨款公式是 17 名及以上学生的学校获得 6240 英镑，再按每名学生加 10 英镑。很多学生以为换资金模式就等于体育课会被削减，实际变化主要在支持怎么到校，而不是课时本身。
In May 2026 the Department for Education announced more than 1 billion pounds of investment in school sport over three years. The package includes 580 million pounds for a new PE and School Sport Partnerships Network, fully operational from spring 2027 and replacing the current PE and sport premium, nearly 200 million pounds of capital funding for facilities and a one-off 100 million pounds for primary schools during the transition year. A national delivery partner will work with governing bodies to offer universal training and targeted support such as quality-assured coaches, top-up swimming lessons and more extra-curricular opportunities.
学校与家长可以马上检查的几件事
家长与学生可以用几条具体的检查来判断一所学校的体育参与做得好不好。课表上是否真的排满每周两小时，以及这两小时里学生的实际活动时间占多少，可以在一周内看出来。社团的出勤有没有被记录，最先缺席的又是哪一批学生，这两条信息最能反映项目是否真的开放。全国调查显示只有 56% 的小学教师对教体育有信心，15% 明确表示没有信心，所以学校是否把经费花在教师的专业发展上很关键。学校官网按规定要在每年 7 月 31 日之前公布体育经费的支出与效果报告，包括学生参与度与达标情况的变化。很多学生以为参与率是天赋与兴趣决定的，实际上场地时段、报名方式、教练风格与是否有人点名记录，这些环节更容易被学校改变。
Parents and pupils can judge a school's approach with a few concrete checks. Whether the timetable really carries two hours of PE, and how much of that time pupils spend actually moving, is visible within a single week, while club registers show both who attends and which pupils never appear. A national survey found only 56% of primary teachers felt confident teaching PE and 15% said they were not confident, so where the funding goes matters, and schools must publish their PE and sport premium spending and impact report on their website by 31 July each year.
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 第10版 商务印书馆¥168📱 去京东购买京东精选需要一对一辅导？Need One-on-One Tutoring?
A-Level / GCSE / IB / KS2-KS3 全科辅导
16621398022 同微信
Visit aleveler.com
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图