英国学校 停学与开除 45天上限 独立复核
停学与开除是英国学校行为管理里争议最大的两个决定，因为它们直接改变一个孩子每天去哪里上学。英格兰的规则写在教育部的法定指引里，最新一版在 2026 年 5 月 26 日发布、2026 年 7 月 26 日生效，共 82 页，并且把学院（academies）与转介单位（pupil referral units）纳入必须遵守的范围。下面把适用情形、程序时限与家长可以走的复核渠道逐项拆开，方便收到通知的第一时间判断学校的做法是否站得住。
Suspension and permanent exclusion are the most consequential behaviour decisions an English school can take, because they change where a child goes every morning. The framework sits in statutory guidance published by the Department for Education on 26 May 2026 and in force from 26 July 2026, and it now binds academies and pupil referral units as well as maintained schools. This article separates the grounds, the deadlines and the review routes, so families can tell quickly whether a decision follows the law. The details below come from the DfE guidance of July 2026 rather than from a school's own summary.
只有校长能作出停学或开除的决定
能做停学与开除决定的只有校长，代理校长或者临时负责人在其缺位时可以代行。年级主任、行为主管、学院院长都没有这项权力，督导委员会只能在事后复核。校长的决定必须出于纪律理由，不能因为学校难以提供支持、家长投诉频繁或者学生成绩拖累排名而让学生离开。停学的英文是 suspension，法定文本里叫 fixed-period exclusion；开除的英文是 permanent exclusion，指学生不再回到这所学校，除非复核后恢复学籍。很多学生以为行为记录差就等着被开除，实际上第一步要看校内干预是否已经用尽。常见的错误是把换一所学校当成纪律处分的选项，转学要按招生规则申请，与开除是两条完全不同的路。
Only the headteacher, or someone formally deputising in their absence, can suspend or permanently exclude a pupil. Middle leaders and behaviour teams can recommend, but they cannot decide, and the governing board only reviews the decision afterwards. A change of school is an admissions matter, so it must never be dressed up as an alternative to exclusion. In practice, letters that quietly point to another school tend to fall apart on review.
一学年累计 45 个学日的上限
有期限的停学按学日计算，一名学生在一个学年里累计不能超过 45 个学日。这个上限包含学生在其他受同一套法律约束的学校已经用掉的停学天数，所以转学时旧记录会一起带过来。停学不必连续，可以是零散的几天，也可以只停半个学日，但不能没有期限。短暂停学通常用来把一条底线说清楚，让学生知道再往前一步就会面临永久开除。学生如果在停学期间仍然被要求登录线上平台做作业，那几天同样要记成停学，不能算作自愿在家学习。教育部在 2026 年 7 月 9 日公布的官方统计显示，2024/25 学年英格兰共有 913,000 次停学，比上一年减少 4%，每万名学生的停学率是 10.88。那一年 46% 的停学只停一天或更短，99% 停五天以内。
A suspension is counted in school days, and the total for one academic year cannot exceed 45. Days already served at a previous school covered by the same legislation count towards that limit, which is why records travel with a pupil. If a school asks a suspended pupil to log on and complete set work, those days must still be recorded as suspension rather than voluntary study at home. The register entry comes first, because it decides how the days are counted.
永久开除的两条门槛与最后手段定位
永久开除只能在同时满足两个条件时使用，一是学生严重违反或者反复违反学校的行为政策，二是允许他留在学校会严重损害他本人或者其他学生与教职工的教育或者福祉。指引把这个处分定位成最后手段，也就是所有其他策略都试过之后才考虑。校长在认定事实时用的是民事证明标准，也就是「盖然性权衡」，只要一件事更可能发生而不是没发生，就可以认定它发生了，不需要刑事案件的排除合理怀疑。学生校外的行为也可以成为停学或者开除的依据，例如在校外对同学实施严重侵害。很多学生以为拿到一次严重警告就等于会被开除，实际门槛比这高得多，而且学校要能说清此前做过哪些干预。
A permanent exclusion needs both a serious or persistent breach of the behaviour policy and a finding that keeping the pupil in school would seriously harm the education or welfare of the pupil or of others. The guidance treats it as a last resort, so the decision should sit at the end of a documented trail of earlier strategies. Facts are decided on the balance of probabilities rather than to the criminal standard, and behaviour outside school can count too. Schools that skip the earlier support record usually find the decision much harder to defend.
2026 年新版法定指引改变了什么
这一版法定指引在 2026 年 5 月 26 日发布，2026 年 7 月 26 日起生效，全文 82 页，取代 2024 年 8 月的那一版。最大的结构变化是把学院与转介单位明确纳入必须遵守的范围，此前学院只是被期望参照。指引还收紧了永久开除的措辞，停学有时是必要的，永久开除只作为最后手段，两者不再并列描述。新版给校外转介补上了法定依据，来源是 2026 年的教育与行为相关条例，以及儿童福祉与学校法带来的修改。学校在 2026/27 学年开始前需要更新自己的行为政策、开除政策与管理转学政策。家长读学校文件时，可以先到 gov.uk 官网核对文首引用的指引名称与生效日期，判断学校用的是不是旧版口径。
The current version was published on 26 May 2026 and took effect on 26 July 2026, replacing the August 2024 text. Its most visible shift is that academies and pupil referral units are now bound by the same statutory framework as maintained schools. Schools were expected to rewrite their behaviour, exclusion and managed move policies before the 2026/27 year began. Checking the version date is the quickest way to spot an out-of-date policy.
停学期间的前五个学日必须有作业与批改
停学不等于放假，学校在停学的前五个学日里必须布置作业并且批改。指引鼓励学校使用线上通道，例如 Google Classroom 或者 Oak National Academy，让被停学的学生跟得上课程进度。对残障学生和有特殊教育需要的学生，学校提供支持的法定义务在停学期间仍然有效，例如按原来的方式做合理调整。学校如果只是让学生回家、既不布置作业也不说明期限，这种做法更像违法开除，而不是停学。家长可以在收到通知后立刻要求学校写清停学起止日期、作业安排与联系老师。常见的错误是家长以为停学期间学校会主动联系，实际上作业与返校安排都要家长主动追问。
A suspension is not a holiday: work must be set and marked for the first five school days, and online routes such as Google Classroom or Oak National Academy are explicitly encouraged. Duties towards disabled pupils and those with special educational needs continue throughout, including reasonable adjustments. Families who ask in writing for dates, work arrangements and a named contact usually end up with a clearer record than those who wait to be contacted. Work that is set but never marked is hard to describe as education.
非正式送回家为什么属于违法开除
非正式或者未走程序的开除一律违法，家长同意也不改变这个结论。新版指引把几类做法明确列为可能构成 off-rolling：劝 16 岁后的学生不再继续课程，而继续读下去并不违背他的利益；因为行为原因把学生改成非全日制课表；把学生转到替代性教育机构，而这一步并不符合他的利益；不按正式程序就把学生送回家。这些做法之所以被点名，是因为它们让学校的数据好看，代价却落在学生身上。判断的关键不是学校用了什么名义，而是学生实际上是否被排除在教育之外。很多学生以为只要家长签了同意书就没事，法律上并不是这样。
Informal or unrecorded exclusions are unlawful even when parents agree to them. The revised guidance names the familiar patterns of off-rolling: pressing post-16 pupils to drop a course against their interests, cutting a timetable for behavioural reasons, moving a pupil to alternative provision when that does not serve them, and simply sending someone home. What matters is whether the pupil is in fact shut out of education, not the label a school puts on it. A run of shortened timetables is one of the clearest warning signs for parents.
照护性分隔不是纪律性开除
新版指引增加了一类照护性分隔，指的是学校为了安全原因暂时不让学生到校，例如学生之间发生伤害指控、需要把某个学生与其他人物理隔开。这类安排不是纪律性的开除，因此不走开除程序，但学校仍要保证决定合法、相称，并且符合安全保障、平等与人权方面的义务。学校的指定安全保障负责人要参与判断，督导委员会也要在第一时间被告知。分隔的时间应当尽量短，学校要同步安排学生的学习与情绪支持。把安全和纪律混在一起处理，是这一节最常见的失误。
The 2026 guidance adds safeguarding separation, where a school temporarily keeps a pupil off the premises for safety reasons rather than as a punishment. It is not a disciplinary exclusion, so the exclusion process does not apply, but the decision still has to be lawful and proportionate. The designated safeguarding lead should be involved and the governing board told without delay. Short, reviewed and documented separation can be defended; an open-ended one cannot.
校外转介必须先试过校内干预
校外转介指的是学校要求学生在一段时间内到另一个教育场所上课，目的是改善行为，它本身不是处分，也不能当成惩罚来用。使用的前提是校内干预已经试过并且没有效果，学校要写清期限、课程安排与复核日期。从 2026 年 7 月 26 日起，转介单位的管理委员会也能发出校外转介，程序要求与主流学校和学院一致。家长有权知道学生去哪里、学什么、什么时候回来复核。常见的错误是学校只做口头通知，家长后来才发现孩子已经离开原校好几周。
Off-site direction requires a pupil to attend another setting for a period in order to improve behaviour. It is a support measure rather than a sanction, so it can only follow in-school interventions that have already failed. From 26 July 2026 pupil referral units can issue directions too, under the same procedural rules as mainstream schools and academies. Written terms matter, because a direction with no review date is difficult to challenge.
管理转学不能写成试读
管理转学是学校之间协商的永久转学，协议一旦成立，学生就从原校名册上删除。新版指引明确说，法律不允许试读或者试转这类临时安排，需要临时改变环境时应该走校外转介。管理转学必须从一开始就是永久安排，而且要听取学生本人的意见。学校不能因为家长或者学生不接受管理转学而作出永久开除，同样也不能因为家长想换学校而把学生开除，后者应当走学年中途申请的招生流程。把管理转学写成先过去待一个学期看看，是最容易被复核推翻的写法。
A managed move is a permanent transfer agreed between schools, and the pupil comes off the original roll only once it is confirmed. Trial admissions and trial managed moves are not permitted, so a temporary change of setting has to go through off-site direction instead. Refusing a managed move can never be turned into grounds for exclusion. The pupil's own view should be recorded before any transfer is agreed.
书面通知、留档与地方当局的角色
学校作出停学或者永久开除后，必须尽快用书面方式通知家长，写清理由、期限、家长陈述意见的权利以及可以参加的会议。地方当局要在第一时间获知每一次停学与永久开除，学生有社工或者在地方当局照护之下时还有额外的通知要求。学校还要记录这次决定的理由、此前提供过哪些干预、安全保障方面的考虑，以及平等与特殊教育需要相关的评估。督导委员会需要拿到这些数据，用来监控开除、学生流动与安全保障情况。家长收到的信里如果只有结论没有理由，可以直接要求补充书面说明。
Written notice must reach parents promptly, stating the reason, the length, the right to make representations and the meetings open to them. Local authorities must be told about every suspension and permanent exclusion without delay, with extra notification when a pupil has a social worker or is looked after. Schools must also keep records of earlier interventions, safeguarding considerations and equality or SEND assessments. Gaps in that file are often what parents rely on when they challenge a decision.
督导委员会开会的两条时限
督导委员会收到通知后，是否必须开会取决于三种情形：处分是永久开除；停学累计让学生在一个学期里离校超过 15 个学日；或者处分会让学生错过公开考试或者国家课程测验。这三种情形下，委员会要在 15 个学日内考虑并且决定是否恢复学籍，最后一种还要尽量赶在考试之前。停学超过 5 个学日但不超过 15 个学日、家长又提交了陈述的，委员会要在 50 个学日内开会决定。停学不超过 5 个学日的，委员会只需考虑家长陈述，不必安排会议，也不能要求校长恢复学籍。学校如果连通知都没送到位，后面的时限就无从谈起。
The governing board must meet within 15 school days when an exclusion is permanent, when suspensions take a pupil past 15 school days in a term, or when a public exam or national curriculum test would be missed. A suspension of more than five but no more than 15 school days reaches a meeting within 50 school days only if parents make representations. Shorter suspensions require the board to consider representations but not to convene a hearing. Miss the 15-day window and the failure is procedural, not something a later meeting can repair.
独立复核小组与免费的特殊教育需要专家
永久开除被督导委员会维持后，家长可以在收到书面决定之日起 15 个学日内申请独立复核小组，逾期申请会被拒绝。复核小组通常由三人或者五人组成，包括没有在学校带薪工作过的召集人、现任或者近期的学校董事，以及现任或者近期的校长。无论孩子是否已经被认定有特殊教育需要，家长都可以免费要求地方当局指派一名特殊教育需要专家为小组提供意见，这项权利很多人不知道。小组可以维持原决定、建议委员会重新考虑，或者在认定决定有缺陷时撤销决定并要求重新作出决定。教育部在 2026 年 7 月 9 日公布的统计显示，2024/25 学年英格兰提交了 777 件独立复核申请，比上一年少 33 件；复核后 65% 的开除决定被维持，上一年是 61%。
Where a governing board upholds a permanent exclusion, parents have 15 school days from the written decision to apply for an independent review panel. Panels mix a lay chair, a serving or recent governor and a serving or recent headteacher, and a free SEN expert can be requested whether or not the pupil has identified needs. In 2024/25 the panels upheld 65% of the exclusions they reviewed, up from 61% a year earlier. Asking for the SEN expert early gives the panel more room to weigh the evidence properly.
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 第10版 商务印书馆¥168📱 去京东购买京东精选需要一对一辅导？Need One-on-One Tutoring?
A-Level / GCSE / IB / KS2-KS3 全科辅导
16621398022 同微信
Visit aleveler.com
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图