英国校外教育机构 保障试点 家长核查 DBS
校外教育机构（out-of-school settings，简称 OOSS）指学校、学院与已注册托幼以外的辅导、培训、指导与活动提供方。它覆盖私人补课、课前课后俱乐部、假期营、语言与文化补充学校、音乐课和体育训练，每周接触的孩子数量很大。英国教育部（DfE）官网的口径写明，这个领域不存在单一的法律框架，机构的人员通常不被任何监管机构检查或评估。2022 年 11 月 24 日，教育部公布了为期 18 个月的试点评估报告，结论是这块领域存在显著的潜在伤害。此后官方陆续更新了提供方守则、家长指南与免费网络课程，2025 年 5 月 29 日又启动新一轮证据征集，至今还没有发布完整回应。
Out-of-school settings cover everything from private tuition and after-school clubs to holiday camps, supplementary schools and sports coaching. England has no single legal framework for them, and their staff are not routinely inspected or assessed by any regulator. Since a government-funded pilot reported significant safeguarding risks in November 2022, the Department for Education has updated its provider code, its guidance for parents and a free e-learning course, and it is now analysing evidence submitted in 2025.
校外教育机构的定义与排除项
官方把校外教育机构定义为在英格兰向儿童提供辅导、培训、指导或活动，且没有家长或照护人在场监督的组织或个人。属于这一范围的，有社区活动与青年俱乐部、课前与课后俱乐部、假期俱乐部、语言文化或宗教类补充学校、私人补课、音乐课以及体育训练。学校、学院、16 至 19 岁学院、已注册的替代性教育提供方，以及已在 Ofsted 或儿童照护机构注册的托幼服务，都不算在内。判断一个场所是否属于学校，依据的是《1996 年教育法》第 463 条的定义，而不是它自己怎么称呼。如果一个场所符合独立学校的定义却没有在教育部注册，它就是未注册独立学校，地方议会与 Ofsted 会介入处理。很多学生以为课外补课班都属于教育系统的一部分，其实它和学校在监管上是两条线。
The official definition covers organisations and individuals who provide tuition, training, instruction or activities to children in England without a parent or carer present. Community and youth clubs, before- and after-school clubs, holiday clubs, supplementary schools, private tuition, music lessons and sports coaching all sit inside it. Schools, colleges, registered alternative provision and childcare registered with Ofsted are excluded, and a setting that meets the legal definition of an independent school without registering becomes an unregistered school, which councils and Ofsted can act on.
校外机构为什么不在任何监管框架内
官方家长指南写得很直接：儿童俱乐部与活动没有单一的法律框架，机构的工作人员与志愿者通常不受任何监管机构的检查、监督或评估。这意味着家长在选择时缺少一个现成的资质背书可查，管理与保障的责任落在提供方自己身上。保障靠的是政策、招聘流程与培训，而不是政府的许可证。地方议会只能通过租用协议、资助条款或自愿认证去施加影响，没有强制注册这道门。试点报告在 2022 年把这一点称为显著的潜在伤害，并指出机构类型极其分散，从一个人在家授课的私人教师，到有带薪员工的大型俱乐部都在同一个范畴里。常见的错误是以为挂着机构的名头就有统一审核，实际上规模与专业程度差别很大。
The parent guidance states plainly that clubs and activities for children have no single legal framework, and that their staff and volunteers are not typically inspected, overseen or assessed by any regulatory organisation. Responsibility therefore rests with providers themselves, through their policies, recruitment and training rather than a government licence. Councils can only influence the sector through lease conditions, funding agreements or voluntary accreditation, because there is no mandatory register to join.
2022 年试点评估：300 万英镑与 16 个地方议会
教育部为这项试点投入了超过 300 万英镑，参与的地方议会共 16 个，时间跨度为 18 个月。试点的目标有两个，一是验证地方议会与相关机构之间多机构协作的价值，二是检验现行法律权力在识别与介入问题机构时到底好不好用。到了 2020 年 3 月，其中 6 个地方议会又拿到延长 18 个月的追加资金，用来测试更具体的做法。这些做法包括设置专职的助理地方当局指定官，把儿童保护转介集中到校外机构上，也包括地方层面的认证奖项、让机构自评与转介的工具，以及给机构发放 Rights Respecting Schools 奖项。评估报告在 2022 年 11 月 24 日公布，编号 RR1269，正文 66 页。
The pilot received over 3 million pounds and ran in 16 councils for 18 months, testing whether multi-agency working between councils and their partners could improve oversight of these settings. Six of those councils were given a further 18 months of funding in March 2020 to test specific approaches, such as funding an assistant local authority designated officer, running local accreditation awards, and handing out Rights Respecting Schools awards. The evaluation report, published on 24 November 2022, states that the work was intended to build the evidence base for further action, including the need for legislation.
试点发现的风险与个案处置路径
报告归纳出的风险并不轻微，包括身体惩戒与体罚、拉拢与性侵或儿童性剥削，以及极端化与激进化。与场地条件有关的问题同样被点到，例如不安全的环境、维护不良的设施与无人负责的急救安排。社交媒体使用不当也是常见一项，工作人员私下联系孩子、发私信的情况被记录下来。处置路径并不顺畅，转介到多机构处置的个案里，约三分之一达到地方当局指定官的门槛，其余个案也属于至少需要采取行动以防止更大伤害的严重问题。有些个案最终联系了警方或 Ofsted，另一些因为证据不足或没有触及门槛而停在那里。报告自己承认，样本量太小，无法推算出全国规模。到访机构的儿童数量很高，潜在风险的人数因此不低。
The evaluation reported physical chastisement and corporal punishment, grooming, sexual abuse and child exploitation, and extremism or radicalisation among the concerns it identified. Unsafe premises and poor first-aid arrangements appeared as well, along with staff contacting children privately through social media. Roughly a third of the cases referred for a multi-agency response met the local authority designated officer threshold, while the rest still involved serious issues that required action to prevent greater harm. The report is careful to say that its sample cannot be used to estimate the scale of the problem nationally.
地方议会的权力困境与三项诉求
报告指出，地方议会与其他机构在运用法律权力时并不清楚边界在哪里，不同种类的机构与活动适用的权力范围不一致。培训与免费 DBS 检查的使用率都很低，即使议会主动邀请机构参加、免费提供检查，愿意响应的比例依然不高。靠激励换取参与的做法，在没有持续大额投入的情况下被认为难以长期维持。代表地方议会的 LGA 因此提出三项诉求：能够依法处理关切并在最后手段下关闭不安全场所，要求校外机构向地方议会注册，以及确保机构完成全部保障检查。报告在 2022 年发布后，LGA 再次公开呼吁教育部采纳这些建议并配套资金。
The report found that councils and their partner agencies were often uncertain about which legal powers applied to which kind of setting, and that capacity to engage with the sector was limited. Take-up of training and of free DBS checks stayed low even when councils offered both at no cost. The Local Government Association has since called for powers to act on concerns and close unsafe premises as a last resort, mandatory registration with councils, and confirmation that settings meet safeguarding checks.
2023 年指南更新把试点发现写进守则
提供方保障指南最早在 2020 年 10 月 21 日发布，2023 年 9 月 19 日做过一次实质性更新。这次更新把《保持儿童在教育中安全》的要求、位置信任等新立法，以及多机构试点的发现一并写了进去，改稿过程也有行业代表与保障伙伴参与。指南要求提供方在健康与安全、儿童保障与保护、人员适任性、治理结构四个方面备好政策与流程。地方议会指南在 2025 年 5 月 29 日发布，把校外机构与未注册独立学校分开处理，并建议议会把符合教育部指南写进场地租用或资助协议的最低条件。指南还建议议会鼓励机构加入自愿认证，例如 Ofsted 官网上的自愿托幼登记册。
The provider guidance was first published in October 2020 and substantially rewritten in September 2023, when the findings of the pilot were folded in alongside new legislation on positions of trust. It asks providers to hold policies covering health and safety, safeguarding and child protection, the suitability of staff and volunteers, and governance. Guidance published for councils in May 2025 suggests making the Department for Education guidance a minimum condition of any lease or funding agreement, and encourages settings to join voluntary schemes such as the voluntary childcare register.
免费保障课程与提供方可用资源
教育部做了一个免费的保障入门课程，一共 6 个模块，全部走完大约需要一小时，也可以按模块单独完成。课程结尾有一个简单测试，通过后会给一张电子证书，注册只需要姓名和邮箱，手机与电脑都能用。除了课程，官方还发布了给提供方的传单、精简版传单，以及可以直接贴在场地里的海报。这些材料的价值在于把应该有变成可以指给家长看：一家机构如果完成了课程并保留证书，家长就能在首次面谈时核验。常见的错误是家长只看机构宣传页上的资质描述，不去确认这些文件是否真的存在、由谁签发、什么时候到期。
The Department for Education offers a free e-learning course made up of six modules that take around an hour in total, with a short test and a digital certificate at the end; registration needs only a name and an email address. There are also leaflets for providers and posters that can be displayed on site. Their practical value is that they turn vague assurances into documents a parent can ask to see at a first meeting, which matters most for small settings and lone tutors who have few other sources of support.
2025 年证据征集的三条改革路径
教育部在 2025 年 5 月 29 日启动校外机构保障的证据征集，8 月延长了一个月，最终在 2025 年 9 月 21 日截止。文件里列出三条备选路径：维持现状不做新的改革，引入注册制度，以及走参与路线，通过认证与伙伴关系提高整体水准。到 2026 年 2 月，教育部的议会书面答复仍然写着，回应正在由独立外部机构协助分析。之后还要与家长和小型机构做焦点小组、与保障专家和行业代表开圆桌，再发布完整回应。也就是说，立法方向目前仍未定案，家长可依赖的依旧是现有指南与自愿机制。这份文件本身值得一读，因为它把注册制要解决什么问题写得很具体。
A call for evidence on safeguarding launched on 29 May 2025, was extended by a month in August and closed on 21 September 2025. It set out three broad options: leaving arrangements as they are, introducing registration, or pursuing engagement through accreditation and partnerships. By February 2026 ministers were still telling Parliament that responses were being analysed with external analysts, with focus groups and roundtables to follow before a full government response.
家长面谈时要问的问题
家长指南给了一份可以直接照着问的清单，涉及文件的一类包括投诉政策、儿童保护政策，以及员工与志愿者行为守则。涉及人与责任的一类，要问谁负责这个场地的儿童保障、这个人受过什么培训、培训是什么时候做的、谁负责急救。涉及流程的一类，要问机构如何招聘员工与志愿者、做过哪些适任性检查、孩子在场时是否还有其他成年人、是否允许孩子无监督上网。最后一类与孩子的具体情况有关，机构如何支持有特殊教育需要或残疾的孩子，如何在如厕、换衣、进食和服药这类个人照护上提供帮助。所有答案都会因机构规模而不同，官方明确说不会要求一位不雇人的钢琴家教拿出逐步书写的儿童保护流程，但一份成文的儿童保护政策仍然是最低要求。很多学生以为签了名登记过就等于有人管，真正的区别在于这家机构能不能把这些问题一次讲清楚。
The parent guidance offers a list of questions that can be asked directly, covering complaints and child protection policies, who leads safeguarding and what training they have had, how staff and volunteers are recruited and checked, whether other adults will be present, and how children with special educational needs or personal care needs are supported. Answers will vary with the size of the setting, and a lone tutor is not expected to hold step-by-step procedures, but a written child protection policy remains the minimum.
第一节体验课之前的核验项
在孩子第一次上课之前，指南列出的核验项覆盖场地与文件两块。场地方面，要看环境是否安全整洁、建筑维护是否到位、紧急出口是否清楚、有没有急救箱和指定的急救负责人、火灾或突发情况有没有成文的处理流程。文件方面，要看健康与安全政策、员工与志愿者是否达到相应资质、是否购买了公众责任保险、是否做过 DBS 检查、有没有指定保障负责人，以及是否有面向员工、志愿者、儿童和访客的行为守则。按照官方说明，员工少于 5 人的提供方不需要书面健康安全风险评估，这条豁免对小型机构很实际。如果是一对一授课，家长可以提出旁听或在课程中见面，愿意答应的机构通常更规范。
Before a first session, the guidance suggests checking the environment and the paperwork together: a safe and clean space, clear emergency exits, a first-aid kit and a named first-aider, and a process for fire or other emergencies. On paper, parents can ask for the health and safety policy, confirmation that staff hold relevant qualifications, public liability insurance, DBS checks, a designated safeguarding lead and a code of conduct for staff, volunteers, children and visitors. Providers with fewer than five employees do not need a written health and safety risk assessment, and parents of children taught one-to-one can ask to sit in on sessions.
危险信号与投诉升级路径
官方列出的危险信号分成两类，一类与场地和流程有关，另一类与人有关。场地与流程方面，包括对健康安全几乎没有考虑、电线松散、潮湿、没有明确逃生路线、没有急救箱、没有指定的急救负责人、没有投诉流程、没有指定保障负责人、缺少同意书，以及没有网络安全政策。与人有关的信号更需要注意：其他孩子身上出现无法解释的伤痕、场地里有不认识的成年人、人手明显不足、成年人未经家长同意与孩子单独接触、员工不知道遇到披露时该怎么做。发现这些问题时，可以先向机构反映，因为每家提供方都应当有可查的投诉政策，没有解决就联系地方议会的地方当局指定官。严重情形可拨打全国防止虐待儿童协会热线 0808 800 5000，孩子处于立即危险中则拨打 999，机构若是注册慈善机构还可以向慈善委员会投诉。
Warning signs fall into two groups: those about premises and process, and those about people. The first covers loose wires, damp, no clear exit route, no first-aid kit or appointed first-aider, no complaints process, no designated safeguarding lead, no consent forms and no online safety policy; the second covers unexplained bruising on other children, unknown adults on site, too few staff for the number of children, unsupervised one-to-one contact, and staff who do not know how to respond to a disclosure. Concerns should go first to the provider, then to the council local authority designated officer, with the NSPCC helpline on 0808 800 5000 for serious cases and 999 if a child is in immediate danger.
2026 年 9 月 1 日起 DBS 规则的变化
从 2026 年 9 月 1 日起，儿童受监管活动的定义发生变化，原来那条有他人充分监督即可免除的规则被删除。任何在 30 天内超过 3 天，或者在 2 点到 6 点之间以过夜形式教授、训练、指导、照护或监督儿童的人员，即使在别人监督之下，也属于从事受监管活动。机构因此可以为这类岗位申请含儿童禁制名单信息的加强版 DBS 检查，而不只是不含禁制名单的加强版检查。这条变化对体育俱乐部助理教练、青年组织志愿者、校外活动中心与社区团体的影响最直接。更早的一条相关立法是《2022 年警察、犯罪、量刑与法院法》，自 2022 年 6 月 28 日起把在体育或宗教中指导 16 至 17 岁儿童的人纳入位置信任，与这些孩子发生性行为属于刑事犯罪。
From 1 September 2026, the supervision exemption is removed from the legal definition of regulated activity with children. Anyone who teaches, trains, instructs, cares for or supervises children on more than three days in any 30-day period, or overnight between 2am and 6am, is now in regulated activity even when supervised, which means organisations can request an Enhanced DBS check with a Children's Barred List check for that role. Related legislation from June 2022 extended positions of trust to those coaching or instructing 16 and 17 year olds in sport or religion.
相邻领域：未注册替代性教育的国家标准
与校外机构相邻但不同的另一条线是未注册替代性教育，也就是地方议会或学校为义务教育年龄儿童安排在未注册场所接受的教育。教育部在 2024 年 5 月 9 日就加强这块的保护公开咨询，2024 年 7 月 5 日结束，随后发布了非强制的国家标准。官方说明有意在议会时间允许时立法，把标准变成强制要求。官方数字显示，2025 年 1 月，有 17,327 名义务教育年龄儿童处于学校安排的未注册替代性教育中，另有 10,333 名由地方议会安排。这类安排与家长自己找的补课班最大的区别是安排方是被公共机构，因此质量与安全的核验责任也落在这两方身上。教育部在指南中鼓励地方议会采用国家标准，用于本地名录与委托采购的判断依据。如果孩子的一部分教育由学校或地方议会安排在校外场所，家长值得直接问清楚这家场所是否在本地名录里、依据什么标准被选中。
Unregistered alternative provision is a separate track: education arranged by a council or school for children of compulsory school age in settings that are not registered schools. The Department for Education consulted on stronger protections between May and July 2024, then published voluntary national standards and said it intends to legislate to make them mandatory when parliamentary time allows. In January 2025, 17,327 children were in school-arranged unregistered alternative provision and 10,333 in council-arranged placements.
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