英国学校出勤监测 缺勤代码 DfE数据共享
英国学校的出勤记录不是班主任随手写的一本册子，它有法定格式、法定代码和固定的数据流向。2024 年 8 月 19 日起，教育部（DfE）的《Working together to improve school attendance》成为法定指引，学校、学院信托、董事会与地方当局都必须参照执行。上午与下午各登记一次，每一次都会被打上代码，代码决定这次缺席算不算被批准，也决定它会不会累积到罚款门槛。很多家长以为给学校打电话说明理由，那次缺席就自动算批准，这个理解在多数情况下站不住。下面把登记册、代码、每日数据共享、三个关键比率与 2024 年的罚款框架串成一条线，帮你看懂学校发来的那封信。
Attendance in English schools is not a notebook kept by a form tutor; it is a register with a legal format, statutory codes and a fixed data route to government. Since 19 August 2024 the DfE guidance Working together to improve school attendance has been statutory, and schools, academy trusts, governing bodies and local authorities must have regard to it. Registration happens twice a day, and each session receives a code that decides whether the absence counts as authorised and whether it builds towards a penalty notice. This article connects the register, the codes, daily data sharing, the three headline rates and the 2024 penalty framework.
出勤登记册的法律基础
出勤登记的法律基础是《School Attendance (Pupil Registration) (England) Regulations 2024》第 10 条。上午的登记在第一节课开始时完成，下午的登记在下午某个时点完成一次，走读生每次都要记。一天因此有两个 session，一个 session 等于半天，这就是「10 个 session」等于五天这个说法的来源。登记对象是义务教育年龄的学生，寄宿生的起居由学校另行安排记录。教育部官网的《Working together to improve school attendance》自 2024 年 8 月 19 日起具有法定效力，现行版本更新到 2026 年 7 月。学校、学院信托、董事会与地方当局都要参照执行，每所学校还要在领导层里指定一名出勤负责人。记录必须准确、可核查，学校不能等到学期末再凭记忆补齐。
Attendance law sets out exactly when the register must be taken. Regulation 10 of the School Attendance (Pupil Registration) (England) Regulations 2024 requires a registration at the start of the morning session and one during the afternoon, so each pupil has two sessions, or one full school day, recorded daily; that is why a threshold of ten sessions is normally described as five school days. The DfE guidance Working together to improve school attendance has been statutory since 19 August 2024 and the current edition runs to July 2026; schools, academy trusts, governing bodies and local authorities must all have regard to it, and every school is expected to have a senior attendance champion on its leadership team.
算到校的代码不止两个斜杠
统计上算到校的代码，不止正斜杠和反斜杠两个。正斜杠表示上午到校，反斜杠表示下午到校，两者都算在读。学生在登记册关闭之前赶到，记 L，仍然算到校；关闭之后才到，记 U，这半天直接算未批准缺席，哪怕人已经在教室里。校外的正规教育安排同样算到校，代码分别是 B 经批准的校外教育、K 地方当局安排的替代教育、P 获批的体育活动、V 教学旅行、W 工作体验。D 用于双学籍学生，出勤由另一所学校登记，这一次不计入可能的出勤次数，因此不会拉低百分比。家长在记录里看到这些字母时，先分清它属于算到校还是算缺席，再决定要不要追问。
Being counted as present is not limited to sitting in a classroom. A forward slash records presence at morning registration and a backslash at afternoon registration, while code L covers a pupil who arrives late but before the register closes and still counts as attending; code U is entered when the pupil arrives after it closes, and that single session is unauthorised even though the child did turn up. Approved education away from school is also treated as attendance, using B for off-site provision, K for local-authority-arranged provision, P for sport, V for an educational visit and W for work experience.
被批准缺席的常用代码
被批准的缺席代码里，最常用的是 I 和 M。I 是生病，身体与心理健康都算在内，教育部官网的指引写明学校不该把索要医疗证明当成常规动作，也不该设一刀切的门槛。M 用于看病或看牙的预约，一般只覆盖预约占用的时段。C 是学校酌情批准的特殊情况请假，需要事先书面申请，由校长逐案判断，学期中的家庭旅行通常不算特殊情况。C2 用于双方同意下走部分时间课表的义务教育年龄学生，J1 是面试，S 是备考公开考试，R 是宗教节日。E 是停学或永久开除但替代教育尚未安排的时段，法律上算被批准的缺席，T 则用于随父母因职业流动的家庭。
Authorised absence has its own codes, and two carry most of the volume. Code I covers illness, including mental health, and DfE guidance states that schools should not routinely demand medical evidence or impose blanket rules; code M is used for a medical or dental appointment and normally covers only the time the appointment takes. Code C is a discretionary leave of absence that has to be requested in writing in advance and is judged case by case by the head teacher, which is why a family holiday in term time is rarely treated as an exceptional circumstance. Other authorised codes cover an agreed part-time timetable, interviews, study leave, religious observance, Traveller families, and pupils who are suspended or excluded before alternative provision begins.
四个会累积罚款门槛的代码
会让罚款门槛累积的代码只有四个：G、N、O、U。G 是未被批准的假期，学校不能事后补批，没有事先申请就按未批准处理。N 是原因尚未查明，它只是临时状态，按规定必须在 5 个教学日内改成正确代码，查不出原因就要改成 O。O 用于其他或不明原因的缺席，也用于学校不接受家长给出理由的情况。U 是登记册关闭之后才到校，人来了也不改变这一次的统计结果。常见的错误是把 L 和 U 看成同一件事，两者只差几分钟，性质却完全不同：早高峰连续十次在登记册关闭之后进门，就足以触发门槛。很多学生会以为迟到只是被记一笔，等到看见信上的数字才明白差别在哪。
Only four codes count towards the penalty threshold. Code G is a holiday the school did not grant, and leave cannot be approved retrospectively, so an absence without a prior application falls here; code N means no reason has yet been established and is meant to be temporary, because the school must correct it within five school days and change it to O if no reason emerges. Code O covers absence in other or unknown circumstances, including cases where the school is not satisfied that the reason given is an authorised one; code U is entered when a pupil arrives after the register has closed, and the fact that the child eventually turned up makes no difference to the record. The gap between L and U can be minutes, yet one counts as attending and the other as a whole unauthorised session, so ten late arrivals can reach the threshold on their own.
从登记册到每日数据共享
代码进入学校的管理信息系统之后，才变成能查询、能对比的数据。常见系统包括 SIMS、Arbor、Bromcom、iSAMS、ScholarPack 等，教育部官网列出的可对接系统超过二十个。从 2024/25 学年开始，学校有法定义务按教育部的要求提供每日出勤数据，数据由承包方 Wonde 从学校系统自动抽取，不需要家长或学生同意。学校、学院信托与地方当局通过「Monitor your school attendance」工具查看这些数据，几天内就能发现异常，不必等到学期结束。少数没有兼容系统的学校，要在每周五 23:59 前用模板提交上一周的记录。教育部每两周发布一次汇总统计，2025 年 11 月起还每半个学期向 Ofsted 提供学校层面的数据。
Codes only become useful once they sit inside a management information system. Common school systems include SIMS, Arbor, Bromcom, iSAMS and ScholarPack; DfE lists more than twenty compatible suppliers. Since the start of the 2024/25 academic year schools have had a statutory duty to provide daily attendance data on request, extracted automatically from the school system by a contractor called Wonde, with no requirement for parental or pupil consent. Schools, trusts and local authorities read the data through the Monitor your school attendance tool, which surfaces unusual patterns within days rather than at the end of a term, while the small number of schools without a compatible system submit a weekly template by 23:59 on Friday.
出勤率、持续性缺席与严重缺席
出勤数据里最常被引用的三个比率，口径完全不同。出勤率是实际到校的 session 除以可能的 session。持续性缺席指出勤率低于 90%，也就是缺席达到 10% 及以上；严重缺席指缺席达到一半及以上。教育部官网 2026 年 3 月 26 日发布的 2024/25 学年统计里，整体缺席率从上一年的 7.2% 降到 6.8%，持续性缺席从大约 20% 降到大约 18%，严重缺席却从 2.3% 升到 2.4%。疫情前的 2018/19 学年，严重缺席只有 0.85%，现在的水位是当时的两倍多。政府在学校白皮书里提出的目标，是让出勤率比 2023/24 学年提高 1.3 个百分点，回到 94% 以上。
Three rates are quoted constantly, and they measure different things. The attendance rate divides sessions attended by possible sessions; persistent absence describes a pupil missing 10 per cent or more of sessions, which is the same as attendance below 90 per cent, and severe absence describes missing half or more. In the 2024/25 absence statistics published by DfE on 26 March 2026, the overall absence rate fell from 7.2 per cent to 6.8 per cent, persistent absence eased from about 20 per cent to about 18 per cent, and severe absence moved the other way, rising from 2.3 per cent to 2.4 per cent. Before the pandemic severe absence stood at 0.85 per cent in 2018/19, and the Schools White Paper target is to lift attendance by 1.3 percentage points against 2023/24, back above 94 per cent.
学校的出勤负责人与问责
法定指引把问责写得很直接。每所学校要在领导团队里指定一名出勤负责人，负责全校的出勤策略、员工培训与个案推进。董事会或学院信托要追问校长和执行领导层是否履职，在数据不好看时提出质疑。Ofsted 把出勤放进「行为与态度」这一项判断，期望学校尽到合理努力，并且能解释缺勤原因和对应策略。学校层面的数据不会对外公开，但会出现在督导使用的数据摘要报告里，供检查员引用。对家庭来说，这意味着一段较长的缺勤通常先由学校的出勤团队接手，而不是从地方当局直接开始。
Accountability is written into the guidance rather than left to goodwill. Every school is expected to have a senior attendance champion on the leadership team, responsible for the school's attendance strategy, staff training and casework, while the governing board or academy trust holds the head teacher and executive leaders to account and challenges weak data. Ofsted considers attendance within the behaviour and attitudes judgement and expects schools to do all they reasonably can, with a clear understanding of the causes of absence and a strategy that responds to them. Individual school figures are not published, but they do appear in the inspection data summary report, so a long absence usually lands with the school's attendance team before it reaches the local authority.
支持优先：从谈话到出勤合同
指引的基调是支持优先，线性流程在复杂个案上通常不奏效。学校先与家长和学生谈话，弄清障碍在哪里，可能是交通、住宿、心理健康，也可能是课程不适配。支持接着要落地：校内调整、学校护理、地方当局的交通或住房团队、早期帮助评估、全家庭计划，都可以在这个阶段动用。当自愿支持没有效果或家长不参与时，支持才会被正式化，常见形式是出勤行动计划、出勤合同与家庭教育监督令。只有在支持用尽、仍然无效或不被参与之后，才会走到罚款通知或起诉这一步。这条顺序对家长有利：越早参与支持，越不容易走到最后的强制措施。
The guidance is built on a support-first approach, because a linear pathway rarely works for complex cases. The school starts with a conversation to understand what is actually blocking attendance, whether transport, housing, mental health or a timetable that does not fit. Support then has to be delivered, which may mean adjustments in school, the school nurse, a local authority transport or housing team, an early help assessment or a whole-family plan. Only when voluntary support is not working or not being engaged with does it become formal, usually through an attendance action plan, an attendance contract or an education supervision order; a penalty notice or prosecution sits at the very end of that sequence.
罚款国家框架的十个 session 门槛
罚款的国家框架从 2024 年 8 月 19 日生效，依据是《The Education (Penalty Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2024》。统一门槛是滚动 10 个教学周内未批准缺席累计达到 10 个 session，学校必须逐案评估是否开出罚款通知。未获批的学期中假期、登记册关闭后的迟到、原因不明的缺席，都可以凑进这十个 session，不必连续，也可以跨学期累计。第一次通知的金额是每个家长、每个孩子 160 英镑，28 天内缴清；21 天内缴可以减到 80 英镑。三年内同一家长同一孩子的第二次通知固定 160 英镑，没有减缴选项，第三次不再开通知而直接考虑其他途径。三年期只能从 2024 年 8 月 19 日之后算起。
The national penalty notice framework took effect on 19 August 2024 under the Education (Penalty Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2024. There is now a single threshold: once unauthorised absence reaches ten sessions, usually five school days, within a rolling ten-school-week period, the school must assess case by case whether a penalty notice is appropriate. Unauthorised term-time holidays, late arrival after the register closes and absences with no established reason all feed into those ten sessions, and they do not have to be consecutive or stay inside one term. The first notice is 160 pounds per parent per child if paid within 28 days, reduced to 80 pounds if paid within 21 days; a second notice for the same parent and child within three years is a flat 160 pounds with no reduced rate, and a third case moves to other interventions.
通知改进、起诉与法院后果
通知之外还有更重的工具。学生被停学或永久开除期间出现在公共场所，家长可能直接收到罚款通知，不需要凑满十个 session。家长收到「通知改进」时，会得到一个改善期，如果期间再出现未批准缺席，罚款通知可以不再警告直接开出。走到法院一级，依据是《Education Act 1996》第 444 条，罚款上限 2,500 英镑，法院还可以判家长教育令或社区令。极端情况下存在监禁的可能，但这是罕见的例外，不是常规路径。无论走到哪一步，家长都可以通过接受并参与支持，让案件不必进入法院。
Beyond the notice, local authorities hold heavier tools. If a pupil is found in a public place during the first days of a suspension or permanent exclusion, a penalty notice can be issued without the ten-session build-up; a notice to improve gives parents a window in which further unauthorised absence can lead straight to a penalty without another warning. At court level, section 444 of the Education Act 1996 allows a fine of up to 2,500 pounds, along with a parenting order or a community order in some cases; imprisonment exists as an exceptional outcome rather than a normal route.
免费校餐与特殊教育需求学生的差距
把数据按学生群体拆开看，差距比整体数字更值得注意。教育部官网 2024/25 学年统计里，享受免费校餐的学生成为严重缺席者的概率，比不享受的学生高三倍半以上；有特殊教育需求的学生，比没有识别出特殊教育需求的学生高近四倍。持教育健康护理计划（EHCP）的学生，严重缺席率从 6.85% 升到 7.5%；得到特殊教育支持但没有计划的，从 4.4% 升到 4.5%；没有识别出特殊教育需求的学生反而从 1.3% 降到 1.2%。整体好转主要来自没有额外需求的那部分学生，这才是比率背后真正的问题。每日数据共享的一个直接用途，就是让学校在学生掉到 50% 之前介入，而不是学年结束才发现。
Breaking the figures down by pupil group shows where the real gaps sit. In the DfE 2024/25 statistics, pupils eligible for free school meals are more than three and a half times as likely to be severely absent as those who are not, and pupils with identified special educational needs are almost four times as likely as pupils with none. Severe absence rose from 6.85 per cent to 7.5 per cent for pupils with an education, health and care plan, and from 4.4 per cent to 4.5 per cent for pupils on SEN support, while falling from 1.3 per cent to 1.2 per cent for pupils with no identified SEN. The overall improvement therefore comes mainly from pupils without additional needs, which is exactly the pattern that daily data sharing is meant to catch early.
私校与国际学校的数据共享状态
私校与国际学校的情况不同。教育部官网说明，独立学校不需要每日向教育部提交出勤数据，2024 年 8 月的更新只是澄清了这一点。从 2026/27 学年开始，独立学校可以自愿共享每日登记数据与代码，具体做法写在各自学校的隐私声明里。对在国际学校就读、准备申请英国大学的学生来说，出勤记录通常不进入申请材料，但学校自己的报告和在读证明会提到出勤情况。需要留意的是签证与移民要求，以及学校内部对连续缺课的处理规则，这两套机制与地方当局的罚款框架互不相通。国际学校的出勤政策通常更接近合同关系，缺课累积到一定程度会影响续读评估。
Independent and international schools sit in a different regime. DfE guidance states that independent schools are not required to submit daily attendance data, a point clarified in the August 2024 update, and from the 2026/27 academic year they may share daily registers and codes voluntarily, as set out in each school's privacy notice. For a student at an international school who plans to apply to a UK university, attendance records do not normally form part of the application. The requirements worth watching are visa rules and the school's own policy on repeated absence, which operate separately from the local authority penalty framework.
家长可以核对的四件事
家长能做的事情其实很具体。要在学期中请假，正确做法是提前写信给校长申请 leave of absence，由校长逐案判断是否属于特殊情况，事后补申请一般不被接受。每学期向学校办公室要一份带代码的出勤记录，逐次核对上午与下午的登记，比只看一个百分比有效得多。发现代码不对，要写清是哪一天的哪个 session、理由是什么，登记册在原因查明后本就更正，善意询问不会带来惩罚。常见的错误是只在学期末看一次汇总，错过了更正的时间窗口。学生常把缺课原因口头告诉班主任，却没人把它写进系统，五个教学日后 N 自动变成 O，再来解释就要花更多力气。
What families can do is concrete. Leave during term time has to be requested in writing from the head teacher in advance and is judged case by case against exceptional circumstances, with retrospective requests normally refused. Asking the school office for a code-level attendance printout each term and checking the morning and afternoon registrations one by one is far more useful than watching a single percentage. If a code looks wrong, the request should name the date, the session and the reason, because registers are meant to be corrected once the true reason is known and a good-faith query carries no penalty. The common mistake is to look at the summary only at the end of term.
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