英国儿童不在校 登记册 主题审查 缺勤
孩子长期不去学校，或者已经从学籍里消失，家长最先遇到的不是法律问题，而是不知道该找谁。英格兰在这件事上的动作集中在两条线上：Ofsted 与 CQC 的联合主题审查，以及 2026 年 4 月 29 日获得御准的《Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026》。前者把不在校的孩子定为 2025 年的年度主题，走访 6 个地方区域，报告在 2025 年 12 月 11 日公布。后者要为英格兰每一个地方议会建立儿童不在校登记册，并要求特定情形下离校需要地方议会同意。这些条款需要启动令才会生效，家长在 2026 年 9 月还不需要登记。这篇文章把定义、数字、法律义务与可操作路径按顺序写清楚。文里的数字全部来自 gov.uk 公布的官方统计与督查报告，避免二手转述。
When a child stops attending school in England, families usually find that the hard part is not the law but knowing which door to knock on. Two tracks matter here: the joint thematic visits run by Ofsted and the Care Quality Commission, and the Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026, which received Royal Assent on 29 April 2026. The 2025 thematic report was published on 11 December 2025 after visits to six local areas. The Act will require a children not in school register in every local authority and, in defined cases, local authority consent before a child leaves a school roll.
「不在校」的官方定义：七类孩子都算在内
督查指南给出的定义很具体：有特殊教育需要或残疾（SEND）、处于义务教育年龄、没有在任何注册学校在册。在册但弹性上学、只上部分时间课表、接受校外教育（EOTAS）、严重缺勤的孩子同样在范围里，严重缺勤的门线是缺掉一半或以上课次。报告另外把选择性在家教育（EHE）、失学儿童（CME）、在未注册替代性教育机构（AP）上课的孩子并列进来。这套定义与《Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026》里的「儿童不在校」口径基本对齐。很多学生以为不在校只指退学，实际上一天缺一半课也算在里面。定义取宽，是因为官方想知道的是同一件事：这些孩子的教育、健康与社会照护需要有没有被接住。
The guidance defines a child not in school as a child with SEND of compulsory school age who is not a registered pupil at any registered school. It also covers children on a roll who are flexi-schooled, on a part-time timetable, receiving education otherwise than at school or severely absent, meaning they miss half or more of their sessions, and the report adds electively home educated children, children missing education and those in unregistered alternative provision. Inspectors keep the definition broad because the question is the same for every child inside it: are their education, health and social care needs being met?
Ofsted 与 CQC 的联合主题访问：查什么、不查什么
主题访问挂在地区 SEND 督查框架下面，每年挑一个切口：2023 年是替代性教育，2024 年是成年准备，2025 年是儿童不在校。访问队伍通常由 3 人组成，1 名教育 HMI、1 名社会照护 HMI、1 名 CQC 健康督查员，配合地方当局的 LANO 与 ICB 代表排时间表。证据来自第 1 周的通知与资料请求、第 2 周的场外取证、第 3 周的现场走访。五个切口分别是信息共享、健康服务可及、教育供给的监督、留校的助力与阻力，以及需要帮助与保护的孩子。督查员不会给单个地方下结论，也不评判个案是否合规。发现重大隐患时，可能触发后续行动甚至正式督查。2026 年的主题已经换成 SEND 地方服务目录，指南在 2026 年 4 月 2 日公布。
Thematic visits sit inside the area SEND framework, one theme per academic year: alternative provision in 2023, preparation for adulthood in 2024 and children not in school in 2025. A team usually has three inspectors, one each for education, social care and health, and gathers evidence through a notification and information request in week one, off-site work in week two and on-site work in week three. Inspectors do not judge individual areas or test compliance case by case, though serious concerns can trigger inspection, and the 2026 theme is the SEND local offer published on 2 April 2026.
2025 年 6 个地方区域的报告说了什么
报告《Beyond the classroom》在 2025 年 12 月 11 日公布，合计收到 701 份问卷。超过一半参与问卷的孩子说，自己没有从专业人员那里得到足够支持去上学。学校吵闹、害怕、焦虑、被欺凌，以及心理健康与医疗需要，是他们给出的主要原因。接近四分之三的家长与照护者、以及一半的从业者不同意孩子能拿到满足需要的健康服务。神经发育评估、心理健康服务、职能治疗与言语治疗的等待名单被反复提到。EOTAS 这一块的发现更具体：负责不同环节的专业人员各自为政，很少开会复核进展，有些孩子连 EHC 计划的年度复核都没做过。报告还把学年中途插班列为回校的最大障碍。
The report, published on 11 December 2025, draws on 701 survey responses from children, families and practitioners across six local areas. More than half of the children who replied said they did not get the support they needed to attend school, and almost three quarters of parents and carers said children not in school cannot access health services that meet their needs. On EOTAS, inspectors found professionals working in isolation with little joint review of progress, and in some cases no annual review of the child's EHC plan at all.
规模数字：126,000、175,900 与 143,500 三个口径
gov.uk 公布的 DfE 统计里，2025 年秋季普查日英格兰有 126,000 名孩子在选择性在家教育，比上一年秋季的 111,700 人多出 14,300 人，约为 5 至 16 岁人口的 1.5%。同一批数据里，2024/25 学年曾经处于在家教育状态的孩子有 175,900 人，2023/24 是 153,300 人。这一年有 78,000 名孩子开始在家教育，28,100 名回到学校。失学儿童口径不同：2024/25 学年估计有 143,500 人，比上一年的 149,900 人下降，2025 年秋季普查日是 34,700 人。失学原因里，等待入学申请结果的占 13%，疑似移居海外的占 10%，在家教育不合适占 9%。官方数字之外还有一层：教育政策研究所估计 2022/23 学年真实的失学人数约为 DfE 口径 117,100 的 2.5 倍。
DfE statistics on gov.uk put elective home education at 126,000 children on census day in autumn 2025, up 14,300 from 111,700 a year earlier. Over the 2024/25 academic year, 175,900 children were in elective home education at some point, compared with 153,300 a year before, while 78,000 started home education and 28,100 returned to a school setting. Children missing education are counted separately, at an estimated 143,500 in 2024/25 and 34,700 on the autumn 2025 census day, and the Education Policy Institute estimated the real number in 2022/23 was roughly 2.5 times the DfE figure of 117,100.
严重缺勤的界线：缺一半课与缺一成课
DfE 在 2025/26 学年秋季学期把缺勤拆成三个刻度：整体缺勤率 6.47%，比上一年秋季的 6.38% 略升；缺一成或以上课次的孩子有 129 万人，占 18.10%，算作持续缺勤；缺一半或以上课次的孩子有 151,000 人，占 2.12%，算作严重缺勤。疫情前整体缺勤率长期低于 5%，2019 年秋季是 4.9%，这个落差没有回到原处。年级越高越明显，Year 11 的整体缺勤率 9.26% 与严重缺勤率 4.13% 都是最高，持续缺勤率最高的则是 Year 10，达到 24.67%。有 EHC 计划的孩子成为严重缺勤者的可能性约为没有识别出 SEN 的孩子的 8 倍，接受 SEN 支持的孩子约为 4 倍。特殊学校的持续缺勤率是 35.09%，严重缺勤率 6.55%。这组数字解释了为什么督查员把在上课但不常来和完全不在校放在一起看。
In the autumn term of 2025/26, DfE recorded an overall absence rate of 6.47%, up slightly from 6.38% a year earlier and still well above the 4.9% of autumn 2019. Persistent absence, missing 10% or more of sessions, covered 1.29 million pupils or 18.10%, while severe absence, missing half or more, covered 151,000 pupils or 2.12%. Rates peak in the older year groups, with Year 11 at 9.26% overall absence and Year 10 at 24.67% persistent absence, and pupils with an EHC plan are almost eight times as likely to be severely absent as pupils with no identified SEN.
家长义务的法律来源：第 7 条与合适教育
英格兰家长的教育义务写在《Education Act 1996》第 7 条：让孩子接受适合其年龄、能力、性向以及任何特殊教育需要的、有效且全日制的教育，方式可以是按时上学，也可以是其他方式。选择在家教育不需要谁批准，也不要求按照全国课程上课、不要求参加考试、不要求家长有教师资格。地方议会的责任写在《Education Act 1996》第 436A 条：查明辖区内既不在册、又没有接受合适教育的孩子。两边合起来意味着，判断标准是教育本身是否合适，而不是形式是不是在学校。在家教育的原因数据也值得看一眼：2025 年秋季普查日，心理健康占 16%，理念或偏好占 12%，生活方式占 9%，对学校整体不满占 8%，对学校 SEND 支持不满占 4%。督查报告里家长的说法很一致：在家教育很少是主动选择，多数是在学校接不住孩子之后的结果。
The parent's legal duty in England sits in section 7 of the Education Act 1996: the child must receive efficient full-time education suitable to their age, ability, aptitude and any special educational needs, whether by regular attendance at school or otherwise. Home education needs no permission, and the law sets no curriculum, exam or parental qualification requirement, while local authorities must identify children who are neither registered pupils nor receiving suitable education under section 436A of the same Act. Mental health accounted for 16% of the reasons recorded for home education in autumn 2025 and school dissatisfaction for 8%, and the report heard repeatedly that home education was rarely a free choice.
注销学籍的书面步骤：通知谁、留什么证据
孩子已经在公立学校在册、要转成在家教育时，动作是写一封通知给校长或学校负责人，写清楚从哪一天起不再到校，不需要说明理由。这封信是家长的保护措施：在学校按《School Attendance (Pupil Registration) (England) Regulations 2024》把名字从入学注册册上删掉之前，家长仍然暴露在缺勤追责的风险里。学校删名之后有义务把删除情况报给地方议会，家长不需要自己再报一遍。时间点要写具体，一封带日期的邮件加一封签名信是常见做法，两处都留副本，这一步最容易省掉，也最容易在几周后变成麻烦。地方议会后续可能联系家长，索要教育安排的说明，形式上通常是一到三页的描述：谁在教、用什么材料、每周怎么安排。拒绝家访不等于违法，但拒绝任何沟通容易让事情升级。常见的错误是只在电话里说，最后拿不出任何时间线。
If the child is on the roll of a state school and the family wants to home educate, the step is a written notice to the head teacher stating the date from which the child will no longer attend, and no reason is required. That letter protects the parent, because until the school deletes the name from its admission register under the School Attendance (Pupil Registration) (England) Regulations 2024, the family remains exposed to attendance enforcement. The school must report the deletion to the local authority, and a short written description of who teaches the child and what materials are used is normally enough when the council asks.
2026 年新法：儿童不在校登记册与离校同意
《Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026》在 2026 年 4 月 29 日获得御准，编号 c.21。与不在校直接相关的是第 37 至 42 条：第 38 条为英格兰每个地方议会建立儿童不在校登记册，家长需要向地方议会说明孩子不在校并提交规定信息；第 37 条要求在特定情形下，把名字从入学注册册上删掉必须先拿到地方议会同意。需要同意的情形包括孩子在特殊学校、正处于《Children Act 1989》第 47 条调查中、或者正在儿童保护计划上，也包括此前一段时期内有相关记录的情况。主流学校、没有社会照护介入的家庭，仍然按第 7 条的原有权利操作。关键细节在启动状态：这些条款需要启动令才生效，截至 2026 年 9 月还没有见到针对第 37 至 42 条的启动令，所以家长现在并不需要登记。盯住 legislation.gov.uk 与 gov.uk 上的启动令与法定指引更新即可。
The Children's Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 received Royal Assent on 29 April 2026 as chapter 21, and sections 37 to 42 deal with children not in school. Section 38 creates a register for every local authority in England, with parents required to tell the authority that their child is not in school, while section 37 requires local authority consent before a name is deleted from an admission register where the child is at a special school, subject to a section 47 investigation or on a child protection plan. The register duties are not yet commenced, so as of September 2026 parents need not register, but families should watch legislation.gov.uk and gov.uk for commencement orders and statutory guidance.
EHC 计划与 SEN 支持：几个法定时间点
孩子如果在 SEN 支持阶段仍然无法稳定到校，家长可以书面要求地方议会启动 EHC 需求评估。时间表来自《SEND Regulations 2014》：议会收到请求后 6 周内决定是否评估。需要评估的话，16 周内决定是否出具计划，最终计划在 20 周内发出，草案要给家长至少 15 天提意见。计划发出后每年要有一次年度复核。督查报告发现的问题恰好在这里：走 EOTAS 的孩子，有些连年度复核都没做过。EHC 计划写明特殊教育供给之后，地方议会可以按《Children and Families Act 2014》第 61 条安排 EOTAS，也就是在校园之外完成这些供给。学校一侧的义务来自同一法案第 66 条，对 SEN 支持阶段的孩子要用最大努力（best endeavours）保障到位。报告建议给每个不在校的孩子配一名牵头专业人员，让健康、社会照护与教育三边有人统筹。
Where SEN support is not enough to keep a child in school, parents can ask the local authority in writing to start an EHC needs assessment, and the SEND Regulations 2014 set the clock at six weeks to decide whether to assess, sixteen weeks to decide whether to issue a plan and twenty weeks for the final plan. Once a plan is in place an annual review is required, yet the report found children in EOTAS arrangements who had not had one. Under the Children and Families Act 2014 the authority can arrange provision otherwise than at school, schools must use their best endeavours for pupils at SEN support, and the report recommends a named lead professional who knows the child and family well.
中途插班回校：为什么学年中段最难
报告里最一致的一句话是：孩子一旦离开学校，再回去会非常难，学年中段与正常招生周期之外尤其难。障碍不在愿意不愿意，而在机制：年级名额已满、插班申请要在多个学校之间来回、特殊学校名额与替代性教育供给都不足。学校仲裁办公室（Office of the Schools Adjudicator）在近年的年度报告里也把插班问题单独提出。有一个地方伙伴关系的做法被报告点名：由地方议会统一协调所有学年中途插班，即使它没有强制学院（academy）录取的权力，等待名额的孩子回校速度也明显变快。报告因此建议教育部统一插班协调的做法，整理可复制范例并写进指引。对家长来说，可用的路径是先向地方议会的入学团队要一份书面说明，再按《School Admissions Code》的流程走，被拒之后可以提出入学申诉。等待期间尽量保留在家学习的记录，因为复学时学校通常会问这段时间在学什么。
The report's most consistent message is that returning to school after leaving is very hard, and harder still during the school year or outside the normal admissions cycle. The barriers are structural: full year groups, in-year applications that shuttle between schools, and shortages of special school places and alternative provision. The Office of the Schools Adjudicator has raised the same issue, one partnership improved returns by letting the local authority coordinate all in-year admissions, and families can ask the admissions team for a written response, follow the published process and appeal where a place is refused.
私人考生路径：考务时间与 access arrangements
孩子不在学校，考试这条路仍然走得通，做法是以私人考生（private candidate）身份在获批准的学校或学院报名。JCQ 提供了按邮编搜索考点、并筛选资格与考试局的工具，但每个考点自行决定是否接收私人考生、收费标准与内部截止日期，JCQ 本身不是考点。考试局的报名时间要提前盯：以 Edexcel 官网公布的英国考点截止日为例，2027 年 6 月系列 GCSE 与 AS/A-Level 的报名截止日是 2027 年 2 月 21 日，2 月 22 日起进入迟报费用，4 月 22 日起费用更高。含非考试评估（NEA，比如实验、口试、课业）的科目对私人考生限制更多，报名之前先确认这门科目能不能以私人身份完成全部单元。需要额外时间、单独考场这类 access arrangements 的申请责任在考点，SENCo 要按 JCQ 的规定收集证据，25% 加时通常需要平时的测试样本与教师观察记录。建议把联系考点的时间放在考试前 12 个月，因为好的考点名额也是先到先得。
Exams remain open to children who are not in school, but the route is entry as a private candidate at an approved school or college. JCQ runs a postcode search tool listing centres that accept private candidates, yet each centre sets its own fees, deadlines and access arrangements, and on Edexcel's published UK deadlines the closing date for the June 2027 GCSE, AS and A level series was 21 February 2027, with higher fees from 22 April. Subjects with non-exam assessment are more restrictive for private candidates, and requests for extra time or a separate room sit with the centre's SENCo, which is why families start talking to centres about twelve months ahead.
把沟通记录做成时间线：三类证据与常见失误
与学校、地方议会、健康服务打交道时，能救场的往往不是道理，而是记录。值得固定下来的有三类证据。第一类是缺勤与症状的日期线，包括孩子哪天无法到校、当天发生了什么。第二类是往来书面沟通，邮件比电话好，电话之后补一封确认邮件。第三类是评估与等待的记录，神经发育评估、心理健康服务的转介日期与等待时长都写进去。向学校索要 SEN 支持计划与已实施调整的书面说明，向地方议会索要决定信与理由。外部支持可以找 SENDIASS 这类法定的信息与建议服务、志愿组织的个案支持，以及对地方议会决定不满时的投诉程序与地方政府与社会照护监察专员（LGSCO）。常见的错误是只靠口头沟通，几周后谁也说不清答应过什么，把动作拖到 Year 11 又会发现考试报名与加时申请都已来不及。
What usually decides these cases is not the strength of an argument but the quality of the record, so families should keep three strands together. The first is a dated timeline of absence and symptoms, the second is written correspondence, where email beats phone calls and a follow-up email confirms anything agreed verbally, and the third is evidence of assessments and waiting times. Schools can be asked in writing for the SEN support plan and the adjustments in place, and the local authority for its decision letters, while SENDIASS and the Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman provide outside routes; the recurring mistake is relying on verbal assurances and leaving exam entries until Year 11.
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