英国学校 气候变化 高温停课 洪涝 适应
英格兰的学校一年有多少天会因为天气上不了课？英国教育部 2025 年 6 月 19 日发布的评估给出量化区间：不做适应改造，部分教学空间在极端高温年份可能一年有 8 天无法合理开展教学，长期看平均每年最多损失 12 天学习时间。
同一份评估还给出洪涝口径：英格兰公立学校中，中学场地的地表水高风险比例是 59%，小学是 33%。停课只是最显眼的结果，真正麻烦的是出勤记录、远程学习安排与考试季的冲突。下面把官方口径、2026 年 6 月的实测数据和学校实际遵守的规则理一遍。
How often can weather stop lessons in England? The Department for Education published an assessment on 19 June 2025 that puts numbers on it: without adaptation, teaching could not reasonably take place in some spaces on up to 8 days a year during extreme heat, with longer-term losses averaging up to 12 days of learning. The same document covers flooding, where 59% of secondary sites sit in the high surface-water risk band against 33% of primary sites, and water scarcity, which is rarer but disruptive. This piece sets out the official figures and the rules schools follow.
官方认定的三类气候风险 过热 洪涝 缺水
气候变化委员会在独立评估英国气候风险时，把与教育直接相关的重点问题归成三类：过热、洪涝和缺水。英国教育部在 2025 年 6 月 19 日发布的评估里沿用了这三类，逐项给出对学校运行的判断。这份评估发布在 gov.uk 的出版物页面，用来兑现 2022 年 4 月 21 日《Sustainability and climate change strategy》中的承诺。那份策略文件列了四条战略目标，其中一条写的是让教育与照护建筑以及整个系统适应气候变化。评估使用的数字并不来自媒体统计，过热部分用的是气象局与伦敦大学学院合作的建模结果，洪涝部分用的是环境署的洪水风险数据。很多学生以为气候风险只跟地理课有关，实际上它先影响校舍能不能开门、课表能不能照常走。所有预测都有一个前提，就是假设不采取适应措施，读数字时要把这句话带上。
The Climate Change Committee grouped the education-relevant hazards into three when it assessed UK climate risk: overheating, flooding and water scarcity; the Department for Education adopted the same three in its assessment of 19 June 2025. That document is a gov.uk publication and settles a commitment made in the Sustainability and climate change strategy of 21 April 2022, whose four strategic aims include buildings and the wider system adapting to climate change. Its figures come from Met Office and UCL modelling for heat, and Environment Agency flood data, not press estimates. Every projection assumes no adaptation is put in place, which is the caveat that matters most.
教室温度到 35 摄氏度时学习会变成什么样
过热对上课的影响有一个具体门槛，教育部评估里写的是室内温度达到 35 摄氏度。到这个温度，学习会变得非常困难，而按气象局与伦敦大学学院的建模，英国已经有一部分学校每年会遇到一到两天这样的情况。热不只在体育课上出问题，普通教室、实验室和顶层房间同样会闷。夜间温度降不下来时，学生第二天的注意力明显变差，2026 年 6 月那段高温就让这一点格外清楚。常见的错误是只盯白天的最高气温，忽略夜间最低温，而连续的高夜温对睡眠和上课状态影响更大。学校能做的第一步是监测，教室里要有能正常读数、定期记录的温湿度计。很多学生会把教室很热当成抱怨，这条线其实已经写进了官方的教学可行性判断。
Indoor temperatures of 35 degrees Celsius are the threshold at which learning becomes very difficult, and Met Office and University College London modelling suggests some English schools already face one or two such days a year. The problem reaches beyond PE, since ordinary classrooms and top-floor rooms overheat as well. Warm nights matter as much as hot afternoons, because pupils arrive already short of sleep, and the June 2026 spell showed how persistent that effect can be. Practical work therefore starts with measurement: working thermometers that are read and logged through the day.
极端高温天数从 1.7 天升到 7.8 天
教育部评估里有一张按全球升温情景推算的表，基线是当前升温 1.2 摄氏度，对应平均每年 1.7 个极端高温日。如果升温到 2 摄氏度，预计出现在 2050 年前后，这个数字会升到每年 2.9 天。如果升温到 4 摄氏度，预计出现在 2100 年前后，极端高温日会到每年 7.8 天。把天数对应到教学安排上，评估的结论是不做适应改造，部分教学空间在极端高温年一年可能有 8 天无法合理开展教学。把普遍升温与极端天气一起算进去，学生平均每年可能损失最多 12 天学习时间。这两个数字经常被读成学校每年多放 12 天假，那是误读，损失指的是教学条件不成立或效率大幅下降。区间跨度本身说明风险有多大取决于改造做到什么程度。
The assessment includes a table driven by global warming scenarios: at the current 1.2 degrees Celsius of warming, England averages 1.7 extreme heat days a year; at 2 degrees, expected around 2050, the figure rises to 2.9; at 4 degrees, expected around 2100, it reaches 7.8. In school terms, the conclusion is that without adaptation teaching could not reasonably take place in some spaces on up to 8 days a year, while broader warming could cost up to 12 days of learning annually. Those numbers are often read as an extra holiday, which they are not; they describe days when the conditions for learning fail. The size of the gap between scenarios is the real message, because it measures how much retrofit work gets done.
洪涝风险带 中学场地高于小学场地
环境署把洪水风险按年度发生概率分档，高风险是每年 3.3% 以上，也就是 30 年一遇的水平，中风险 1% 以上，低风险 0.1% 以上。换成英格兰公立学校的地表水洪涝，中学场地的低风险比例是 89%，中风险 76%，高风险 59%，小学场地的对应数字是 80%、53% 和 33%。中学数字更高并不难理解，中学占地更大、硬化地面更多，同样的降雨更容易积起来。河海洪水的比例低一个量级，小学场地低风险 10%、中风险 7%、高风险 3%，中学场地是 13%、10% 和 6%。评估提醒建筑与场地是分开算的，建筑按 25 平方米以上的占地单独评估，场地有风险不等于教学楼会进水。很多学生以为教学楼没被淹就没事，实际上操场和进出通道被淹同样会让学校关门一天。
The Environment Agency bands flood risk by annual chance: high means 3.3% or greater, roughly a 1 in 30 event, medium 1% or more and low 0.1% or more. For surface water flooding in state-funded English schools, 89% of secondary sites fall in the low band, 76% in medium and 59% in high, against 80%, 53% and 33% for primary sites; bigger plots with more hard surfacing explain part of that gap. River and sea flooding is an order of magnitude rarer, with 10%, 7% and 3% for primary sites and 13%, 10% and 6% for secondary sites. Buildings and sites are assessed separately, so a risky site does not automatically mean a flooded classroom, though a flooded playground or access road can still close a school.
缺水与配套中断 不淹水也可能停课
缺水在评估里被描述为不常见，但一旦某个学校断水，教学、餐饮和卫生间会立刻受影响。英国政府发布的应急规划与响应指导把极端高温、洪水、风暴、降雪都列为预案需要覆盖的场景，还专门写了失去供水或公用设施的情况。预案要求写清楚谁负责决策、如何通知家长、以及怎样保证学生仍能获得相应数量与质量的教育。很多学生以为天气预警只和出行有关，实际上它也决定食堂能不能开、实验课能不能做。常见的错误是把应急联系人写成一份名单就结束，真正的关键是谁有权在当天早上做停课决定。这类配套失灵很少上新闻，但对上课天数的侵蚀很直接。
Water scarcity is described in the assessment as uncommon, yet a single school losing its supply disrupts teaching, catering and toilets immediately. Government emergency planning guidance for education and childcare settings lists extreme heat, flooding, storms and snow among the scenarios a setting must plan for. A workable plan names who decides, how parents are informed and how pupils keep receiving an education of comparable quantity and quality. Playgrounds, access routes and school transport routes all sit inside the risk, not just buildings. What many plans get wrong is stopping at a contact list, when the harder question is who holds authority to close the site on the morning itself.
热天停不停课 官方口径与两条红线
英国教育部在 2026 年 6 月 22 日的教育专栏文章里重申，学校应在安全的前提下尽量保持开放，让尽可能多的学生到校。理由写得很直接，在校时教职员可以盯着学生的状态、提醒补水、把他们带到凉快的地方。文章还提到一个容易被忽略的点，学生在家未必比在学校凉快。学校如果确实需要临时停课，应直接通知家长，并说明远程学习怎么安排。官方另外划了两条不能跨的线，一是不要先打完下午的出勤登记再立刻大范围允许家长接走学生，二是不能把大范围自愿接走当成常规操作。很多学生以为热天停课等于放假，实际上停课后要有替代的学习安排。常见的错误是等预警升级才动手，热健康预警的意义本来就是提前调整课表。
In a Department for Education blog post on 22 June 2026 the position was restated: schools should stay open and let as many pupils attend as possible where it is safe to do so. The reasoning is practical, since staff on site can monitor how pupils are coping, prompt them to drink and move lessons to cooler rooms; children may not be any cooler at home. If a temporary closure becomes necessary, schools must tell parents directly and explain how remote learning will be provided. Two practices are ruled out, namely taking the afternoon register and then allowing large-scale optional collection straight afterwards. Closure decisions sit with individual schools, not a central order to shut.
三级热健康预警对应哪些学校动作
热健康预警由英国健康安全局与气象局联合发布，6 月运行到 9 月，这套机制从 2004 年就开始运行。2023 年夏季起改为按影响分级，除了气温还说明预计会造成什么后果。黄色预警表示对最脆弱人群有健康风险，学校要优先照顾好这批学生。橙色预警表示更广泛人群都可能受影响，调整措施要覆盖全校师生。红色预警表示对健康人群也存在明显的生命风险，学校要重新做风险评估并落实降温措施，同时按应急响应处理。2026 年 6 月的那次红色预警，是继 2022 年 7 月之后第二次发布红色热健康预警。很多学生会把预警颜色当成天气预报的花边，其实每一种颜色都对应着具体的学校动作。
Heat-health alerts are issued jointly by the UK Health Security Agency and the Met Office between June and September. Since summer 2023 they have been impact-based, describing expected consequences rather than temperature alone; yellow flags risk to the most vulnerable, amber widens it to the wider population and red signals significant risk to life. A red alert pushes schools into emergency-response mode with a fresh risk assessment, and the June 2026 alert was only the second ever, after July 2022. Settings can register to receive the alerts directly, which gives leaders a few days of warning about the temperature outlook.
学校能做的调整 从校服到课表
官方给出的调整清单里有几项几乎每所学校马上就能做，包括增加补水时段，把课挪到有遮阴或更凉快的空间。校服要求可以放宽，允许穿浅色宽松衣物、脱掉西装外套和毛衣。体育课和户外活动要改形式或改时间，把强度大的活动安排到一天里温度最低的时段。课表可以临时调整，但教学时间要保住，这一点官方写得很清楚。如果必须限制到校人数，优先保障脆弱学生和关键岗位人员子女。长期改造走的是另一条路，遮阳、通风、屋顶与外墙改造、种树和增设凉棚，这些在寒假施工最省事。很多学生以为只有老校舍才热，实际上新建校舍保温密封做得越好，夏季过热风险也可能越高。常见的错误是等到热浪来了才讨论通风方案。
Several adaptations are within reach for almost any school: more hydration breaks, and lessons moved into shaded or cooler spaces. Uniform rules can be relaxed to allow loose, light-coloured clothing and the removal of blazers and jumpers. PE and outdoor activities are usually rescheduled or reshaped, with demanding sessions pushed to the coolest part of the day, and timetables can be adjusted as long as teaching time is preserved. Where attendance has to be limited, vulnerable pupils and the children of critical workers come first. Longer-term work covers shading, ventilation, roof upgrades and shelters, easiest to install during the winter holidays.
2026 年 6 月热浪的实测记录
气象局的复盘给出了 2026 年 6 月热浪的具体数字，英格兰 6 月日最高气温的暂定纪录是 37.7 摄氏度，出现在 6 月 26 日的 Lingwood 与 Strumpshaw Hill 一带。此前的 6 月纪录是 1976 年南安普顿的 35.6 摄氏度。夜间同样破纪录，6 月 25 日加的夫 Bute Park 录得 23.5 摄氏度，超过 2023 年的 20.0 摄氏度，英格兰的夜间纪录是 6 月 26 日黑斯廷斯的 23.2 摄氏度。全英有 150 多个气象站打破了各自的 6 月最高气温纪录。英国有记录以来的最高气温仍是 2022 年的 40.3 摄氏度，这次的日间高温没有超过它。学校层面的影响也有记录，2026 年 6 月有 300 多所英格兰与威尔士学校计划部分或全部停课。很多学生以为 6 月不会热到停课，正是这个判断让 1976 年的纪录在 2026 年被大幅改写。
The Met Office recap of the June 2026 heatwave supplies the details: England's provisional June maximum of 37.7 degrees Celsius was recorded around Lingwood and Strumpshaw Hill on 26 June, beating the 35.6 degrees set in Southampton in June 1976. Nights broke records as well, with 23.5 degrees at Cardiff Bute Park on 25 June against 20.0 degrees in 2023, and 23.2 degrees at Hastings on 26 June for England's warmest June night, while more than 150 weather stations set their own June highs. The all-time UK record still belongs to 2022, when 40.3 degrees was reached. More than 300 schools in England and Wales planned partial or full closures during that spell.
停课之后的出勤与远程学习安排
停课涉及的不只是课表，还有出勤统计口径。英国教育部的出勤指导区分疾病、经批准的缺勤与学校关闭等不同情形，学校需要按对应代码记录。如果学校临时关闭并转为远程学习，教育部门的口径是应当提供相应数量与质量的教育，包括使用远程手段。对在家无法学习的学生，学校应安排替代方案，例如到校集中照看或提供设备与网络支持。很多学生以为出勤记录只影响家长收到的那封信，实际上它会影响学校的数据上报和后续干预。家长最需要确认的信息是三样：学校是否开放、哪些年级受影响、远程学习从哪里进。
Closures touch attendance codes, not only timetables. Department for Education attendance guidance separates illness, authorised absence and school closure, each with its own code for schools to record. Where a setting closes and moves online, the expectation is that pupils still receive an education of comparable quantity and quality, using remote provision where appropriate, while pupils who cannot learn at home get an alternative such as supervised on-site care or equipment and connectivity support. Attendance records feed reporting and later intervention, so keep them straight. Parents should look for three things from the school: whether the site is open, which year groups are affected and where remote lessons are published.
气候适应计划与教育部把钱花在哪里
英国教育部在 2022 年 4 月 21 日发布的《Sustainability and climate change strategy》里定了时间点，到 2025 年 12 月，所有教育机构都应有气候行动计划并指定一名可持续发展主管。策略的愿景是到 2030 年让英国在可持续发展与气候变化教育方面处于领先位置，配套机制包括气候大使项目。资本投入方面，重建计划下的新校舍按气候韧性设计，教育部还通过学校水策略投入防洪韧性，并在布拉德福德做抗灾学校试点。2026 年 9 月 3 日的一份议会书面答复补充了进度，Renewal and Retrofit Programme 将从 2027 年起扩展到英格兰所有地区，埃塞克斯已有 19 所学校获得可持续排水系统资助。这些项目周期长，从评估到开工常跨越几个学年，当年的课表只能靠临时措施撑住。很多学生以为行动计划是写给上级看的文件，其实它对应的是校舍改造优先级和预算。值得问学校一句，计划里有没有写清高温与内涝的具体措施。
The Sustainability and climate change strategy, published on 21 April 2022, set a deadline: by December 2025 every education setting should have a climate action plan and a named sustainability lead, with a stated vision of the UK being the world-leading education sector in this field by 2030. Support includes the climate ambassadors programme, while capital work puts climate resilience into new schools built through the rebuilding programme and funds flood resilience through the schools water strategy. A parliamentary answer on 3 September 2026 confirmed the Renewal and Retrofit Programme expands to all English regions from 2027, with 19 Essex schools already receiving drainage grants. These projects run across several academic years, which is why temporary measures carry the load in the meantime.
在英国读书的家庭可以提前准备什么
对在英国读书的学生家庭来说，值得调整的一点是不要把停课当成随机事件，它有季节性、有预警、也有固定流程。热健康预警可以公开登记接收，家长与学生都能提前看到未来几天的风险等级。学校发出停课通知时，先确认三件事，校园是否开放、考试或测验是否改期、远程学习入口在哪里。2026 年 9 月 3 日的议会答复里引用了全国住房联合会与特许住房协会的分析，英格兰有 160 万名儿童住在过热的住房中。这条数字解释了一个现象，学生在家未必凉快，所以学校与住处都要准备降温方案。考试季如果遇到极端天气，学校可以按 JCQ 官网的特别考虑规则申请，学生个人无法直接申请。很多学生以为缺考就等于零分，规则其实允许在条件满足时按已有表现估算分数，但必须由学校提交证据。常见的错误是等考完再补材料，证据窗口通常很紧。
For families with children studying in the UK, the useful shift is to treat closures as seasonal and predictable rather than random. Heat-health alerts can be subscribed to by anyone, so pupils and parents can see the risk level days ahead; schools receive the same alerts. When a closure notice arrives, check whether the site is open, whether exams have moved and where remote lessons are published. A parliamentary answer on 3 September 2026 cited analysis by the National Housing Federation and the Chartered Institute of Housing that 1.6 million children in England live in overheated homes, which is why a cool school and a cool bedroom are separate problems. If exams are disrupted by weather, schools can apply for special consideration under rules published on jcq.org.uk; pupils cannot apply alone.
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