IB English B SL写作 邮件 报告 评论 演讲稿
IB 英语 B 的 Paper 1 是一次 75 分钟的写作考试，考生从三个题目里挑一个，按指定的文本类型写 250 到 400 词，满分 30 分，占最终成绩的 25%。题目给的情境都出自五个主题：Identities、Experiences、Human ingenuity、Social organization、Sharing the planet。每个题目下面列出三个文本类型，通常一个是合适的，一个勉强可用，一个明显不合适。题目的情境通常已经指定了读者和写作目的，考生要按这两点去挑文本类型。很多学生以为这只是挑个好写的格式，分数主要看语言，实际上概念理解单独占 6 分，选错文本类型会先扣掉这块，再连带影响信息分。下面按 IBO 官方 Language B 指南的文本类型分类，把邮件、报告、评论、演讲稿这几类常考格式的受众、语域与结构拆开讲，并给出 75 分钟的时间安排。
Paper 1 in English B is a writing exam, not a language test with a single right answer. You get 75 minutes at SL to produce one text of 250 to 400 words, chosen from three tasks, and the paper carries 30 marks worth 25% of the final grade. Every task is built on one of the five prescribed themes, and each one offers three text types, so the format is part of the question rather than decoration. Choosing the right text type is assessed separately under Criterion C, which means a well-written answer in the wrong format still loses marks.
Paper 1 的 30 分来自三项评分标准
IBO 官方 Language B 指南把 Paper 1 的 30 分拆成三块：Criterion A 语言 12 分，Criterion B 信息 12 分，Criterion C 概念理解 6 分。语言分衡量词汇与结构的多样性和准确度，句子简单但错误少的答卷通常落在中间档，想进高档就需要复合句、连接词和贴合主题的词汇。信息分衡量任务完成度，题目里出现描述问题并提出建议这类双重要求时，只完成一半就压在中间档，官方评分说明对此写得很直接。如果一项任务既要描述又要解释，两件事都要写到位，缺一件就要掉一档。概念理解分衡量文本类型是否合适、语域是否从头到尾一致、格式痕迹是否出现，这 6 分可以靠准备拿满，因为它考的是可背的格式常识而不是临场灵感。很多学生以为词数写到 400 就稳了，写出满篇却漏掉一项任务要求，损失的是信息分而不是语言分。三项标准互不替代，任何一项掉档都会把总分拉下来。
Three criteria divide the 30 marks, and each one is scored independently. Criterion A gives 12 marks for the range and accuracy of your language, Criterion B gives another 12 for how completely the task is answered, and Criterion C gives 6 for text type, register and conventions. Simple but accurate writing usually sits in the middle of Criterion A; the top band needs complex sentences, clear connectives and vocabulary that belongs to the theme. The six marks for conceptual understanding are the cheapest to secure, because conventions are memorised facts rather than sudden inspiration. Answering half the task in perfect language still drops the message score into the middle band.
personal professional mass media 三类文本的区分
IBO 指南把课程里出现的文本按受众分成 personal、professional、mass media 三类。personal 类包括 blog、diary、email、personal letter、social media posting，写给熟悉的人或者写给自己。professional 类包括 essay、formal letter、proposal、questionnaire、report、set of instructions、survey，读者是机构、老师或雇主，语域正式。mass media 类包括 advertisement、article、brochure、interview、leaflet、news report、opinion column、pamphlet、poster、review、speech、travel guide、web page，面向无法事先确认的公众。同一个名字可能落在两类里，blog 在三类中都出现，email 在 personal 与 professional 里都出现，所以判断依据是受众和目的，不是标签本身。分类不是背清单的游戏，同类文本之间也有区别，article 面向公众，essay 面向老师，读者一变，语域和结构都得跟着变。常见的错误是把 blog 当成万能答案，遇到要向校长或市议会提要求的任务也选它，公开博客配正式对象的组合在概念理解上直接掉档。动笔前先在草稿上写清三个问题，写给谁、为什么写、这篇文章会出现在哪里。
The guide sorts text types into personal, professional and mass media groups, and the group tells you who is reading. Personal texts such as diaries, private emails and personal letters go to people you know. Professional texts such as formal letters, proposals, reports and essays are addressed to institutions, teachers or employers and keep a formal register. Mass media texts such as articles, reviews, speeches, news reports and leaflets are written for a public audience the writer cannot identify in advance. Because one label can belong to two groups, audience and purpose decide the choice, not the name of the format.
邮件与正式信函的称呼与落款
非正式邮件有称呼和结尾，可以用缩写形式和口语化表达，段落短，标点随意一些。正式信函的格式痕迹更固定，通常先写日期，称呼用 Dear Mr、Ms 加姓氏，不确定姓名时用 Dear Sir or Madam，正文分段，结尾按是否知道姓名选 Yours sincerely 或 Yours faithfully，下面留出签名位置。正式信里不出现缩写形式，do not 不写成 don't，也不出现感叹号和表情符号。邮件和信函的开头与结尾往往决定阅卷人对语域的第一印象，这两行不要留到检查阶段才补。语域滑掉是阅卷时最常见的问题，开头用了 Dear Sir or Madam，写到自己观点时冒出 can't 和 too good，整封信的语域就断了。写之前把称呼和落款先定下来，正文按这两行去调语气，比写完再改省事。信函和邮件都要求段落分明，一段讲一件事。
An informal email can open with a friendly greeting, use contractions and end with a casual sign-off. A formal letter carries a fixed frame: the date, a salutation such as Dear Ms Chen or Dear Sir or Madam, clearly separated paragraphs, and a closing chosen by whether the name is known, Yours sincerely for a named reader and Yours faithfully when the name is unknown, followed by a signature. Contractions and exclamation marks do not belong in the formal version, and neither do slang or decorative symbols. Register breaks are what examiners notice most, because an opening of Dear Sir or Madam followed by can't in the middle leaves the letter with no consistent voice.
博客要读者 日记只对自己
博客有标题和日期，用第一人称，直接对读者说话，结尾常邀请读者留言或分享，语气可以轻松也可以半正式。日记标出日期时间地点，开头常写 Dear diary，内容是写给自己的记录与反思，没有外部读者，所以说服和号召这类目的不适合放进日记。两种文本都可以写感受，区别在于写给谁看，以及结尾要不要给读者一个回应或行动的入口。很多学生以为这两种都是写自己的感受，格式随便套一下就行，结果把日记写成了博客，或者反过来。判断标准很简单，读者是谁：有公开读者就要有标题、称呼读者和收尾呼应，只有自己就不需要这些。任务里出现说服同学参加活动这样的目的时，博客和演讲稿比日记合适得多。日记里写劝说，等于对着空气讲话。
A blog post carries a title and a date, speaks in the first person and treats the reader as a guest who may comment at the end. A diary entry marks the date, sometimes the time and place, and addresses nobody but the writer, so its tone stays private and reflective. Persuasion and calls to action sit badly in a diary, because there is no outside reader to persuade. If the task asks you to convince classmates to join an event, a blog post or a speech will fit the audience far better than a diary.
报告与提案的小标题与建议段
报告用客观语域，先给小标题再写内容，把观察到的情况、发现的问题和最后的建议分开处理，句子里不出现 I think 这类主观判断。提案开头点明目的，中间分节列出要做什么、由谁来做、大概需要什么条件，结尾给出建议，语域正式，也不用反问句去说服读者。两种文本的小标题都要写成名词短语，例如参与人数、活动安排、预算估计，而不是写成一句话。报告和提案都不需要华丽的形容词，动词用客观陈述更稳，例如 was recorded、it is recommended。很多学生把报告写成议论文，通篇是个人观点加情绪化形容词，客观性一丢，概念理解的分数也跟着掉。报告和提案都不需要用第二人称直接劝读者，读者是机构，语气保持陈述即可。把建议单独成段，读者扫一眼就能找到结论。
A report keeps an objective register, organises the content under short subheadings and separates what was observed from the recommendations that follow. A proposal opens by stating its purpose, sets out what will be done, who will do it and what conditions or resources are needed, then finishes with recommendations in a formal voice. Subheadings in both text types work best as noun phrases such as attendance figures or budget estimate, because they label a section instead of starting a sentence. Neither text type asks you to address the reader directly, since the audience is an institution and the tone stays factual.
评论的结构与演讲稿的听众意识
评论先点明被评的对象，书名、影片、展览或餐厅都可以，用一两句概述内容但不要写出结局，然后给出带理由的评价，最后落到推荐或不推荐。演讲稿开头称呼听众，正文用第二人称直接对听众说话，可以用反问句把听众带进来，结尾用一句有力的收束收住全场。演讲稿不使用小标题，因为它是讲出来的，格式痕迹靠称呼、重复和呼语来体现。演讲稿的段落要短，句子要短，听众没法回看前面讲过什么，重复关键句是常见做法。常见的错误是在评论里把结局写出来，读者一看就不想再看了，评价的说服力也一起丢掉。评论的评价必须带理由，只说好看或不好看，在信息分上拿不到展开分。两类文本的共同点是都要有明确的对象和明确的立场。
A review names the work being judged, whether that is a book, a film, an exhibition or a restaurant, summarises it in a line or two without giving away the ending, then offers an evaluation with reasons and finishes with a recommendation. A speech greets the audience, addresses them as you, may use rhetorical questions to involve them and closes on a strong final line. Speeches do not use subheadings, because the format shows itself through the greeting, direct address and closing appeal. Reviews that reveal the ending lose the reader's interest and weaken the argument they are trying to make.
语域一致性的三条检查线
语域要在计划阶段就定下来，写一行字提醒自己这是写给谁、用正式还是非正式，然后让全文服从这一行。称呼与落款是最先被看到的地方，正式文本用 Dear 加姓氏配 Yours sincerely，非正式文本用 Hi 加名字配 Take care。人称也要跟着语域走，正式文本尽量少用 you 直接指读者，非正式文本可以反复用 I 和 you。缩写和标点同理，正式文本写 do not、cannot，非正式文本写 don't、can't，感叹号只出现在非正式文本里。人称混用是最隐蔽的一种断档，一段里出现 you 又出现 the writer，读者会觉得语气突然换了人。阅卷人在开头两行和结尾一行找格式痕迹，称呼与落款要放在显眼位置，不要埋进段落中间。三百词以内的小文本，语域断一次就足够让概念理解掉一档。
Decide the register before you write and keep one line of notes saying who the reader is and whether the tone is formal or informal. Salutations and sign-offs are the first visible marker: Dear with a family name and Yours sincerely at one end, Hi with a first name and Take care at the other. Pronouns follow the same logic, since formal texts avoid addressing the reader as you while informal ones use I and you freely. Contractions and punctuation move with the register too, so a formal piece keeps do not and cannot while an informal piece may keep don't and can't.
75 分钟的时间分配与最后检查
75 分钟可以这样切：读题与选题留 8 分钟，计划留 7 分钟，写作留 55 分钟，检查留 5 分钟。读题时把每一项任务要求圈出来，同时判断每个文本类型可能的受众和目的，不熟悉格式的选项直接排除。时间失控最常见的情况是选题犹豫太久，把 8 分钟用来反复比较三个题目，最后写作时间不够。计划阶段用目标语言写下要点和打算用的连接词，顺便把开头一行的称呼定好，写起来才不会停顿。检查分三遍，一遍看任务要求是否全部写到，一遍看语域与格式是否统一，一遍看动词时态、单复数、拼写和词数是否落在 250 到 400 之间。字数不要留到最后一刻才数，按平时手写每行的词数估算更快。写完还剩两分钟时，优先补上漏掉的格式痕迹，而不是重读全文。
Seventy-five minutes split well into eight minutes for reading and choosing, seven for planning, about fifty-five for writing and five for checking. While reading, underline every part of the task and test each text type against the audience and purpose before ruling out the options whose format you cannot handle. Plan in the target language, note the connectives you intend to use and settle the opening line of address so the writing does not stall. Checking happens in passes: task coverage first, register and conventions next, then tenses, agreement, spelling and a word count inside the 250 to 400 range.
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