Science KS3 实验室安全 安全标识 实验技能
在英国的中学科学课里,进入实验室的第一节课几乎都是实验室安全。无论是 AQA、OCR、Edexcel 还是其他考试局,危险标识识别、安全守则和实验器材的正确使用,都会以选择题或简答题的形式出现在 KS3 乃至 GCSE 的试卷中。这篇入门指南帮你一次掌握核心考点。
In UK secondary schools, the very first science lesson in a laboratory is almost always about lab safety. Whether you follow AQA, OCR, Edexcel or another exam board, recognising hazard symbols, following safety rules and using equipment correctly appear in KS3 and later GCSE papers as multiple choice or short answer questions. This beginner guide covers the core points you need in one place.
一、为什么实验室安全如此重要
科学实验往往涉及火焰、加热、玻璃器皿和化学药品,任何一个环节的疏忽都可能造成烫伤、割伤甚至更严重的事故。实验室安全不是为了吓唬学生,而是让每个人都知道风险在哪里,以及如何把风险降到最低。老师讲解规则时,认真听并照着做,就是对自己和同学负责。
Science experiments often involve flames, heating, glassware and chemicals. A moment of carelessness can cause burns, cuts or worse. Lab safety is not meant to frighten students; it helps everyone recognise where the risks are and how to minimise them. When your teacher explains the rules, listen carefully and follow them, because that is how you take responsibility for yourself and your classmates.
二、危险标识 Hazard Symbols 考点
危险标识贴在装有化学药品的瓶子上,用来提示该物质的危害类型。英国中学现在采用与国际接轨的 GHS 菱形标识(白底红边,黑色图案),2017 年以前使用的橙色方框标识已逐步淘汰,但旧试卷中仍可能出现,两种都要认识。KS3 阶段最常考的是下面几类。
Hazard symbols are printed on chemical bottles to warn about the type of danger a substance poses. UK schools now use the internationally aligned GHS diamond labels with a white background, red border and black pictogram. The old orange square labels used before 2017 have been phased out, but they can still appear in past papers, so learn both. These are the ones most often tested at KS3.
腐蚀性 Corrosive:会灼伤皮肤和眼睛,例如浓硫酸、氢氧化钠溶液。使用时要戴手套和护目镜。It burns skin and eyes on contact, for example concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. Wear gloves and goggles when handling.
易燃 Flammable:容易着火,例如乙醇、汽油。必须远离明火,存放在阴凉处。Catches fire easily, for example ethanol and petrol. Keep it away from naked flames and store in a cool place.
有毒 Toxic:少量即可中毒,例如某些重金属盐。绝不能入口,也不能接触皮肤。Poisonous even in small amounts, such as some heavy metal salts. Never taste it and avoid skin contact.
有害或刺激 Harmful or Irritant:吸入或接触可能引起不适、过敏,例如稀盐酸。Compared with toxic substances it is less dangerous, but inhaling or touching it can still cause discomfort or allergic reactions, for example dilute hydrochloric acid.
氧化性 Oxidising:能帮助其他物质燃烧,例如过氧化氢。与易燃物分开存放。Provides oxygen to help other substances burn, for example hydrogen peroxide. Store it separately from flammable materials.
爆炸性 Explosive:受热或撞击可能爆炸。此类物质在中学实验里极少出现,但要求能识别标识。May explode when heated or struck. Such substances rarely appear in school practicals, but you must still recognise the symbol.
对环境有害 Harmful to the environment:会污染水体或土壤,例如某些清洁剂和农药,使用后要按老师要求处理废液。Pollutes water or soil, for example some cleaning agents and pesticides. Dispose of waste liquid as your teacher instructs.
三、实验器材的正确使用
KS3 科学课最常见的器材是本生灯 Bunsen burner。灯座底部有一个可以旋转的空气孔 air hole:空气孔关闭时火焰呈黄色,温度较低,称为安全火焰 safety flame,用于点火和待机;空气孔打开时火焰呈蓝色,温度很高,称为 roaring flame,用于加热。点灯时先关小空气孔,点燃后再打开。Never point the mouth of a tube you are heating at yourself or anyone else. 加热试管里的液体时,试管口绝不能对着自己或他人,液体量不要超过试管的三分之一,并且要缓慢来回移动试管,让液体均匀受热,防止爆沸喷溅。
The most common piece of equipment in KS3 science is the Bunsen burner. The collar at its base can be rotated to open or close the air hole. With the air hole closed, the flame is yellow, cooler and called the safety flame, used for lighting and standby. With the air hole open, the flame is blue and very hot; it is called the roaring flame and is used for heating. To light it, first close the air hole, then open it after ignition.
其他常用器材也要记住名称和用途:量筒 measuring cylinder 用来量取液体体积,读数时视线要与液面凹处最低点平齐;石棉网 wire gauze 放在三脚架 tripod 上,让烧杯受热均匀;坩埚钳 tongs 用来夹取加热后的物品;隔热垫 heat proof mat 垫在加热设备下面保护桌面;护目镜 safety goggles 在做任何可能飞溅的实验时都必须佩戴。使用玻璃器皿前先检查有没有裂缝,破损的玻璃要立即报告老师,不能自己用手捡。
还要认识试管夹 test tube holder:它是木头或金属做的夹子,用来夹住加热中的试管,避免手被烫伤。蒸发皿 evaporating basin 用于加热溶液使水分蒸发得到固体,加热时要用玻璃棒搅拌防止局部过热飞溅。锥形瓶 conical flask 和烧杯 beaker 都是常用的容器,锥形瓶适合摇晃混合液体而不易泼洒。滴管 dropping pipette 用于滴加少量液体,滴加时滴管要保持竖直,不能把滴管伸进其他液体里,以免污染瓶中的药品。记住一个原则:任何加热过的器材,看上去不烫,实际上可能非常烫,拿取前先用手的背面靠近感受一下温度,或者直接使用钳子和隔热手套。
Remember the names and uses of other common equipment: a measuring cylinder measures liquid volume, and you should read the scale at eye level with the bottom of the meniscus; a wire gauze sits on a tripod to spread heat evenly under a beaker; tongs pick up hot objects; a heat proof mat protects the bench under heating apparatus; and safety goggles must be worn for any practical that could splash. Check glassware for cracks before use. If glass breaks, report it to your teacher at once and never pick up the pieces with bare hands.
四、实验室安全守则 Golden Rules
各校的规则清单略有不同,但核心内容一致,记住下面的 DO 和 DON'T 就抓住了要点。要做的:进入实验室前穿好实验服或围裙,长发扎起,宽松的袖子卷好;开始实验前认真听老师讲解步骤;使用化学药品前先看瓶身上的危险标识;实验结束后洗手,并按要求整理器材、处理废液。
Rules differ slightly between schools, but the core content is the same. Remembering these dos and don'ts covers the key points. Do: wear a lab coat or apron before entering, tie back long hair and roll up loose sleeves; listen carefully while your teacher explains the method before you start; read the hazard label before using any chemical; wash your hands after the practical and tidy away equipment and waste as instructed.
不能做的:不要在实验室里吃喝任何东西,食物可能被化学药品污染;不要奔跑打闹;不要未经允许就自己动手做实验或触摸药品;不要把没有标签的液体凑近鼻子闻,正确的方法是"扇闻",用手轻轻把气味扇向鼻子;不要把废液倒进水槽,要倒入老师指定的废液桶;离开实验室前记得关掉本生灯。
Do not: eat or drink anything in the laboratory, because food can be contaminated by chemicals; run or push others around the room; start experiments or touch chemicals without permission; sniff an unlabelled liquid directly, instead waft the vapour towards your nose with your hand; pour waste liquids down the sink, put them in the labelled waste bottle instead; and always turn off your Bunsen burner before leaving.
五、事故应急处理 Emergencies
一旦发生意外,最重要的事情是保持冷静,立刻大声告诉老师,由老师来处理,千万不要自己慌乱行动。不同类型的意外处理方式不同:小面积烫伤或烧伤,用大量冷水冲洗至少十分钟,不要涂抹牙膏或油膏;割伤先用清水冲洗伤口,再由老师用急救包处理;衣服着火时,立即躺倒并在地面翻滚,或者用灭火毯 fire blanket 盖住身体,千万不能奔跑,奔跑会助长火势。
If an accident happens, stay calm, tell your teacher immediately and loudly, and let them deal with it. Never panic and act on your own. Different accidents need different responses: for a small burn or scald, run cool water over it for at least ten minutes and do not apply toothpaste or ointment; for a cut, rinse the wound with clean water first and let your teacher treat it with the first aid kit; if your clothes catch fire, drop to the floor and roll, or wrap yourself in a fire blanket, but never run, because running feeds the flames.
如果化学药品溅入眼睛,立刻到洗眼器 eyewash station 用清水持续冲洗眼睛,并请老师协助;如果桌面或地面有液体泼洒,先告诉老师,不要自己用抹布乱擦,有些化学品遇水会更危险。实验室里常用的灭火器材包括灭火毯、沙桶和灭火器,记住它们的位置。考试中常考的判断题是:电器或油类着火能不能用水扑灭?答案是不能,水会导电或让油火飞溅,应使用灭火器或沙土。
If a chemical splashes into your eyes, go to the eyewash station at once and rinse your eyes with clean water continuously while your teacher helps you. If liquid is spilled on the bench or floor, tell your teacher first and do not wipe it yourself, because some chemicals become more dangerous when mixed with water. Common fire fighting equipment in the lab includes fire blankets, sand buckets and extinguishers; know where they are. A frequent exam question asks whether water can be used to put out electrical or oil fires. The answer is no: water conducts electricity or makes burning oil splash, so use an extinguisher or sand instead.
六、风险评估与考点小结
风险 risk 与危害 hazard 是两个容易混淆的概念:危害是物质或操作本身可能造成伤害的特性,比如硫酸具有腐蚀性;风险是这种危害在特定条件下实际造成伤害的可能性大小,比如用滴管小心取少量稀硫酸,风险就较低。KS3 高年级会要求你做一个简单的风险评估:指出实验中的每个危害,说明它会带来什么伤害,再写出降低风险的措施,例如戴护目镜、使用少量药品、保持桌面整洁。
Risk and hazard are two concepts students often confuse. A hazard is a property of a substance or activity that could cause harm, for example sulfuric acid being corrosive. Risk is how likely that harm is to actually happen in a particular situation: carefully transferring a few drops of dilute acid with a dropper carries a low risk. In upper KS3 you may be asked to carry out a simple risk assessment: identify each hazard, state the harm it could cause, and write down measures to reduce the risk, such as wearing goggles, using small amounts and keeping the bench tidy.
考试速记清单:看标识认危害,点灯先关空气孔,加热试管口不对人,吃喝奔跑都禁止,烫伤冲水十分钟,起火躺倒盖毯子,异常情况先报告老师。把这些规则变成习惯,你的实验操作会更安全,答题也更有把握。
举一个完整的风险评估例子,实验任务是用本生灯加热盛有水的烧杯测量水的沸点。危害 hazard:明火和加热后的烧杯可能造成烧伤;风险评估:只要规范操作,风险较低。控制措施:桌面垫隔热垫,烧杯放在石棉网上,加热时用护目镜,加热结束后用隔热手套移动烧杯,并把本生灯调到安全火焰或关掉。这样写出"危害、伤害、控制措施"三步,就是 KS3 实验报告里风险评估的标准写法,GCSE 也会继续沿用。
Here is a complete worked example of a risk assessment for the task of heating a beaker of water with a Bunsen burner to measure its boiling point. Hazard: the naked flame and the hot beaker can cause burns. Risk: low, as long as the procedure is done properly. Control measures: put a heat proof mat on the bench, place the beaker on a wire gauze, wear goggles while heating, use insulated gloves to move the beaker afterwards, and turn the burner down to the safety flame or off when finished. Writing down hazard, harm and control measures in three steps is the standard format for a KS3 practical report, and GCSE continues to use the same approach.
Quick revision checklist: read the label to judge the hazard; close the air hole before lighting; never point a heated tube at anyone; no eating, drinking or running; rinse a burn with water for ten minutes; drop and roll if clothing catches fire; and always report anything unusual to your teacher. Turn these rules into habits, and your practical work will be safer and your exam answers more confident.
七、真题演练 Exam Style Questions
题目一(1分):一种液体标签上画着菱形标识,图案是一团燃烧的火焰,这种液体属于哪一类危险物质?答案:易燃物质 flammable,使用时要远离明火。
Question 1, 1 mark: A bottle of liquid carries a diamond shaped label with a flame pictogram. Which class of dangerous substance does the liquid belong to? Answer: flammable, so it must be kept away from naked flames.
题目二(2分):学生用本生灯加热试管中的液体,请写出两条必须遵守的安全措施。参考答案:试管口不要对着自己或其他人;用试管夹夹住试管;液体量不超过试管三分之一;加热前戴好护目镜。写出任意两条即可得满分。
Question 2, 2 marks: A student is heating a liquid in a test tube over a Bunsen burner. Give two safety precautions. Model answers: never point the open end of the tube at yourself or anyone else; hold the tube with a test tube holder; fill the tube no more than one third full; wear goggles before heating. Any two correct precautions score full marks.
题目三(2分):解释 hazard 和 risk 的区别,并各举一例。参考答案:危害是物质本身可能造成伤害的特性,例如浓硫酸具有腐蚀性;风险是该危害在具体操作中真正造成伤害的可能性,例如用滴管取几滴并立即盖上瓶盖,风险就很低。答题时先给定义,再各配一个例子,两个得分点就都拿到了。
Question 3, 2 marks: Explain the difference between a hazard and a risk, giving one example of each. Model answer: a hazard is a property of a substance that could cause harm, for example concentrated sulfuric acid being corrosive; a risk is how likely that harm is to happen during a particular activity, for example the risk is low when only a few drops are transferred with a dropper and the bottle is recapped immediately. Give both definitions and one example each, and you collect both marks.
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