IB英语B SL写作 文体全攻略 高分技巧 | IB English B SL Writing: Text Types and High-Score Tips

IB英语B SL写作 文体全攻略 高分技巧

IB英语B的Paper 1写作是很多同学的短板：英语基础不错，却因为文体(Text Type)用错、格式不对、语气跑偏而丢分。这篇攻略把SL写作的要点讲清楚：考试怎么考、30分怎么算、常见文体各有什么格式和语气、评分员看重什么、考前怎么练。内容基于IB官方英语B指南和评分标准，适合IB英语B SL考生直接对照使用，也适合家长了解孩子的备考重点。

Paper 1 is the writing paper of IB English B. At Standard Level, you have 75 minutes to write one text of 250 to 400 words, choosing one of three prompts drawn from different themes. The paper is worth 25 percent of your final grade, so mastering text types is not optional: it is a markable skill. This guide explains the exam format, the 30-mark assessment criteria, and the conventions of the most common text types, with practical advice you can apply in your next mock exam.

一、三大评分标准：语言、信息与概念理解 | The Three Assessment Criteria: Language, Message and Conceptual Understanding

Paper 1总分30分，由三个标准构成。标准A是语言(Language)，满分12分，看词汇是否多样、语法是否准确、表达是否地道流畅。标准B是信息(Message)，满分12分，看任务要求是否全部完成、观点是否充分展开、结构是否清晰有逻辑。标准C是概念理解(Conceptual Understanding)，满分6分，看文体选择是否贴合语境、语气和语域是否恰当、格式惯例是否完整。很多同学只练语言，忽略标准B和标准C，结果总分卡在中等水平上不去。

Paper 1 is marked out of 30 using three criteria. Criterion A, Language, is worth 12 marks and assesses vocabulary range, grammatical accuracy, and how fluent and idiomatic your writing sounds. Criterion B, Message, is also worth 12 marks and checks whether you have fulfilled the task, developed your ideas in detail, and organised them logically. Criterion C, Conceptual Understanding, carries 6 marks and examines whether your choice of text type fits the context, whether the register and tone are appropriate, and whether you include the expected conventions. Many students practise language only and ignore Criteria B and C, which caps their total score in the middle band.

二、IB官方文体清单：从书信到社交媒体 | The IB Text Type List: From Letters to Social Media

IB英语B指南把写作文体按语域分成三组。正式文体(Formal)包括正式信件、报告、提案、社论和演讲稿；半正式文体(Semi-Formal)包括杂志文章、评论和采访稿；非正式文体(Informal)包括博客、日记、电子邮件和社交媒体帖文。官方清单里常见的还有新闻稿、宣传册、意见专栏、海报和宣传单。考试不会要求你写每一种，但三种题目可能覆盖任何文体，所以考前至少要把每种文体的格式和典型语气记牢，做到看到文体名称就能反应出格式框架。

The IB English B guide groups text types by register. Formal types include formal letters, reports, proposals, editorials and speeches. Semi-formal types include magazine articles, reviews and interview transcripts. Informal types include blogs, diaries, emails and social media posts. The official list also covers news reports, brochures, opinion columns, posters and leaflets. The exam will not ask you to write every type, but any of them can appear among the three prompts, so you need to remember the format and typical tone of each type well enough to recall the framework the moment you see its name.

三、正式与半正式文体：报告、提案与评论 | Formal and Semi-Formal Text Types: Reports, Proposals and Reviews

报告(Report)要求客观语气，全文不出现缩写和口语词，结构通常分为标题、引言、发现、结论、建议几个部分，内容可以用要点列表呈现。提案(Proposal)和报告相似，但更强调面向未来的行动建议，语气带有说服性，目的是让读者批准你的方案。评论(Review)介于两者之间：先介绍作品或产品，再给出个人评价，最后给出推荐，通常可以附星级评分。写这三类文体时，人称要保持统一，个人观点要用具体证据支撑，避免空泛的套话。

A report demands an objective tone: no contractions, no slang, and a clear structure of title, introduction, findings, conclusion and recommendations, often supported by bullet points. A proposal works like a report but focuses on future action and uses a persuasive tone to win approval for a plan. A review sits between the two: you introduce the book, film or product, give your personal evaluation with reasons, and end with a recommendation, often accompanied by a star rating. In all three types, keep the person consistent and support every opinion with concrete evidence rather than empty phrases.

四、书信与邮件：称呼、结尾与语气控制 | Letters and Emails: Salutations, Valedictions and Tone

正式信件必须以正确的称呼开头：知道收信人姓名时用Dear Mr Smith，不知道时用Dear Sir or Madam。结尾必须和称呼配对：Dear Sir or Madam配Yours faithfully，Dear Mr Smith配Yours sincerely，最后是签名。正文分段清楚，每段讲一个要点，段与段之间用连接词过渡。非正式信件和邮件可以随意得多：称呼用Dear Tom，可以用I'm、don't这类缩写，结尾用Best wishes或Lots of love。最容易丢分的地方是称呼与结尾不配对，以及正式信里混入缩写和口语。

A formal letter must open with the correct salutation: Dear Mr Smith if you know the name, or Dear Sir or Madam if you do not. The valediction must match: Yours faithfully follows Dear Sir or Madam, while Yours sincerely follows a named salutation, and your signature ends the letter. Each paragraph should develop one point, with linking words carrying the reader from one idea to the next. Informal letters and emails are much freer: use Dear Tom, contractions such as I'm and don't, and friendly endings like Best wishes or Lots of love. The most common mark-losing mistakes are mismatched salutations and valedictions, and contractions or slang creeping into a formal letter.

五、文章与博客：标题、导语与段落展开 | Articles and Blogs: Headlines, Leads and Paragraph Development

杂志文章(Article)要有吸引眼球的标题(Headline)，开头用导语(Lead)抓住读者，正文分成短段落，每段围绕一个核心观点展开，结尾呼应标题或给出结论。可以加小标题(Subheading)让版面更清晰。博客(Blog)更个人化：用第一人称，直接对读者说话，语气亲切自然，可以标注日期和话题。两者的共同点是都要"为读者而写"：想清楚读者是谁，用他们熟悉的话题、例子和词汇，避免自说自话。

A magazine article needs a catchy headline, a lead paragraph that hooks the reader immediately, and short body paragraphs each developing one central idea, with the ending returning to the title or drawing a conclusion. Subheadings make the layout clearer. A blog is more personal: first person, direct address to the reader, a warm and natural tone, and an optional date and topic tag. Both types share one golden rule: write for the reader. Decide who your audience is and choose topics, examples and vocabulary they will recognise, instead of writing to impress yourself.

六、演讲与采访：口语标记与互动设计 | Speeches and Interviews: Oral Markers and Interaction

演讲稿(Speech)虽然是写在纸上的，但要像说出来的话：开头先问候听众，比如Good morning, ladies and gentlemen；用修辞问句(rhetorical question)调动情绪；用First, Next, Finally这类路标词提示结构；用we和you拉近与听众的距离；结尾感谢听众并重申核心观点。采访稿(Interview)用问答格式：先交代采访背景和受访者身份，再用Q和A或人物名字标注对话，回答要自然完整，不能像背诵课文。

A speech is written to be heard, so it must sound spoken. Open by greeting the audience, for example Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Use rhetorical questions to engage their emotions, signpost the structure with First, Next and Finally, and use we and you to build a sense of connection. Close by thanking the audience and restating your central idea. An interview transcript follows a question and answer format: introduce the context and the interviewee, then mark each speaker with initials or Q and A, keeping the answers natural and complete rather than memorised.

七、日记与社媒帖文：私密语气与信息密度 | Diaries and Social Media Posts: Intimate Tone and Information Density

日记(Diary entry)是写给自己的：开头写日期，用第一人称，多用过去时回忆当天发生的事，情感表达直接，句子可以短促零碎，甚至出现I just can't believe it!这样的感叹。社交媒体帖文(Social media post)信息密度高：开头用提问或吸睛句抓住注意力，正文用短句快速传递信息，可以用话题标签，结尾鼓励读者点赞或评论。这两种文体最常见的错误是写成议论文，语气完全不像个人表达，格式要素也丢得干干净净。

A diary entry is written for yourself: it opens with the date, uses the first person, recalls events mostly in the past tense, and expresses emotions directly. Sentences can be short and fragmentary, and exclamations such as I just can't believe it! are perfectly natural. A social media post is dense with information: open with a question or a hook to grab attention, use short sentences to deliver the message quickly, add hashtags, and end by inviting likes or comments. The most common mistake with both types is writing them like argumentative essays, which destroys the personal voice and drops the format conventions completely.

八、文体的选择逻辑：目的、读者与语境 | Choosing a Text Type: Purpose, Audience and Context

每道题目都会给一个语境(context)，里面藏着三个关键信息：写作目的(purpose)、目标读者(audience)和文体(text type)。有的题目直接指定文体，有的让你自己选。选择时先问自己三个问题：这篇文章是要说服、告知还是娱乐读者？读者是校长、朋友还是普通公众？场合是正式会议还是校园活动？正式程度必须和读者匹配：给校长写信建议改善食堂，要用正式语气和正式信件格式；在社交媒体推广社团活动，就可以轻松活泼，多用感叹和缩写。

Each prompt gives you a context containing three pieces of information: the purpose, the audience and the text type. Sometimes the type is specified for you; sometimes you choose it. When choosing, ask yourself three questions: am I persuading, informing or entertaining? Is the reader a principal, a friend or the general public? Is the occasion a formal meeting or a school event? The level of formality must match the reader. Writing to the principal about improving the canteen requires a formal letter, while promoting a club activity on social media allows a relaxed, lively tone full of exclamation and contractions.

九、评分员视角：如何拿满Criterion C的6分 | The Examiner's View: Scoring Full Marks in Criterion C

Criterion C只有6分，却是最值得稳定拿满的部分，因为格式惯例是可以通过练习记住的。高分描述要求三点：文体选择恰当、语气语域贴合、格式惯例完整。要做到这三点，格式要素一个都不能少，信件要有称呼和结尾，报告要有标题和分区，评论要有评价和推荐；语气从头到尾不能漂移，正式文不出现缩写，日记不出现官方套话；文体和语境高度匹配。评分员批改一份卷子只需几分钟，格式是否规范一眼就能看出来。

Criterion C is worth only 6 marks, yet it is the most reliable part to secure, because conventions can be learned through practice. The top band requires three things: an appropriate choice of text type, a register and tone that fit the task, and a complete set of conventions. In practice, that means no format element is missing, a letter has its salutation and valediction, a report has its title and sections, and a review includes evaluation and recommendation. The tone must not drift: no contractions in formal writing, no official jargon in a diary. Examiners mark each script in a few minutes, and your format is visible at a glance.

十、时间管理：75分钟从构思到成稿 | Time Management: From Planning to a Finished Draft in 75 Minutes

SL写作只有75分钟，时间分配建议如下：前10到12分钟读题、圈出关键要求、写提纲；接下来45到48分钟写作；最后10分钟检查修改。读题时重点圈出三样东西：文体、必须覆盖的内容点、字数限制。提纲只写关键词，按开头、主体两三个要点、结尾的顺序排列。写作时随时留意字数：SL目标350到400词，写太少观点展不开，写太多超出上限的内容可能不计分。检查阶段重点看格式要素是否齐全、拼写和时态是否正确。

You have only 75 minutes at SL. A workable plan is to spend 10 to 12 minutes reading the prompt, underlining the key requirements and writing a plan, then 45 to 48 minutes writing, and the last 10 minutes checking and revising. While reading, circle three things: the text type, the content points that must be covered, and the word limit. Your plan should contain keywords only, arranged as an opening, two or three body points and a conclusion. Keep an eye on the count while writing: aim for 350 to 400 words at SL, because too few words leave ideas undeveloped and too many may mean the excess is not marked. In the final check, verify format elements, spelling and tenses.

十一、考前冲刺：三周训练计划 | Exam Preparation: A Three-Week Training Plan

第一周攻格式：每天熟悉两到三种文体的格式和语气，每种写一篇150词左右的短练习，写完后对照清单自检称呼、结尾、标题等要素。第二周攻真题：每两天做一次完整的75分钟限时写作，用官方样题或历年真题，写完立刻对照评分标准给自己三项分别打分。第三周攻弱点：统计三个标准的得分，语言弱就背同义替换和连接词，信息弱就专门练提纲和观点展开，格式弱就把最常出错的几种文体各重写一遍。考前最后一天只复习格式清单，不再写新文章。

Week one is for format: learn two or three text types a day, write a short practice piece of about 150 words for each, and check off the salutation, valediction, title and other elements against a checklist. Week two is for real papers: complete a full 75-minute timed task every two days using official sample or past papers, then immediately mark yourself on the three criteria. Week three is for weaknesses: if Language is low, memorise synonyms and linking words; if Message is low, practise planning and developing ideas; if format is low, rewrite the text types you keep getting wrong. On the day before the exam, review only your format checklist and write nothing new.

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