IB物理Core力学热学波动电磁原子核备考 | IB Physics Core: Mechanics, Thermal Physics, Waves, Electromagnetism and Nuclear Physics Revision

IB物理Core力学热学波动电磁原子核备考

一、Core核心课程：八大主题占最终成绩的80% | The IB Physics Core: Eight Topics Worth 80% of Your Final Grade

IB物理的Core核心课程包含Topic 1到Topic 8共八个必考主题，依次是测量与不确定性、力学、热学、波动、电磁学、圆周运动与引力、原子核物理以及能源生产。无论你是SL还是HL考生，这八章都是共同基础，Core部分占最终成绩的80%，HL额外内容只占20%。很多同学把复习精力全部放在HL拓展题上，却忽略了Core的基础分，这是最典型的失分原因，因为Paper 1和Paper 2的大部分题目都直接来自这八个主题。

The IB Physics Core covers Topics 1 to 8: measurements and uncertainties, mechanics, thermal physics, waves, electricity and magnetism, circular motion and gravitation, atomic and nuclear physics, and energy production. These eight topics are common to every SL and HL candidate, and together they contribute 80 percent of the final grade, with HL extension content worth only 20 percent. Many students spend all their revision time on difficult HL questions and neglect the Core basics. That is the most common reason marks are lost, because the majority of Paper 1 and Paper 2 questions come directly from these eight topics.

备考Core的正确思路是把每个主题当成独立模块逐个击破：先掌握定义与公式，再用真题检验理解，最后用错题本总结易错点。IB物理重概念理解而非死记硬背，题目很少直接问公式，而是给一个实验情景让你判断该用哪条公式并解释理由。建议每周固定时间做一套主题对应的真题，把错误按主题分类统计，复习时优先补弱项。

The right strategy is to treat each topic as a separate module: learn the definitions and formulas first, test your understanding with past paper questions, then record every mistake in a notebook. IB Physics rewards conceptual understanding rather than memorisation. Questions rarely ask for a formula in isolation; they present an experimental scenario and expect you to choose the correct equation and justify your choice. Set a fixed time each week for one set of topic-based past paper questions, classify errors by topic, and revise your weakest areas first.

二、Topic 1测量与不确定性：系统误差与不确定度传递 | Topic 1 Measurements: Systematic Errors and Uncertainty Propagation

Topic 1是IB物理特有的考点，其他考试很少单独设题。你需要掌握SI基本单位、有效数字、随机误差与系统误差的区别，以及绝对不确定度、分数不确定度和百分比不确定度的互相换算。不确定度传递规则也很重要：加减法直接相加绝对不确定度，乘除法把各量的百分比不确定度相加，含幂次时还要乘以指数。数据题（DBQ）经常要求你把曲线图线性化：将非线性关系转化为直线，再通过直线的斜率与截距计算待测物理量，同时要会用不确定度带判断拟合直线是否合理。

Topic 1 is unique to IB Physics and rarely appears as a separate topic in other exam boards. You must know the SI base units, significant figures, the difference between random and systematic errors, and how to convert between absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainties. The propagation rules matter too: absolute uncertainties add directly for addition and subtraction, percentage uncertainties add for multiplication and division, and powers multiply the percentage by the exponent. The data-based questions frequently ask you to linearise a curved graph, turning a non-linear relationship into a straight line, then use the gradient and intercept to calculate the required quantity. You should also judge whether a fitted line is reasonable by checking it against the error bars.

三、Topic 2力学：SUVAT方程与牛顿定律 | Topic 2 Mechanics: SUVAT Equations and Newton's Laws

力学是Core中分值最高的主题之一。首先要熟练使用五个SUVAT匀加速运动学方程，注意矢量方向必须用正负号统一表示；其次是受力分析图，每个物体只画作用在它身上的力，不要混入它施加给别的物体的力。抛体运动要把运动分解为水平匀速与竖直匀加速两个方向分别计算，这是Paper 1的高频模型。动量守恒、冲量、功、功率与能量转换是Paper 2大题和实验题的常客，弹性碰撞与非弹性碰撞的区分也几乎年年出现。

Mechanics carries one of the highest mark allocations in the Core. Start by mastering the five SUVAT equations for uniformly accelerated motion, remembering that vector directions must be handled with consistent positive and negative signs. Next come free-body diagrams: draw only the forces acting on the chosen object, never the forces it exerts on other bodies. For projectile motion, split the motion into a horizontal component with constant velocity and a vertical component with constant acceleration, and treat each direction separately; this model appears frequently in Paper 1. Momentum conservation, impulse, work, power and energy transformations appear constantly in Paper 2 extended and experimental questions, and distinguishing elastic from inelastic collisions shows up almost every year.

四、Topic 3热学：比热容、潜热与理想气体 | Topic 3 Thermal Physics: Specific Heat, Latent Heat and the Ideal Gas

热学有两个必考公式：Q=mcΔT用于温度变化，Q=mL用于物态变化。最经典的陷阱是在冰融化成水或水沸腾的过程中误用Q=mcΔT，实际上温度保持不变时应改用潜热公式。分子动理论认为温度正比于分子平均动能，内能是分子动能与势能的总和，这一概念题经常出现在Paper 1。理想气体方程pV=nRT在SL要求理解与应用，HL还要掌握热力学第一定律的能量守恒表述以及第二定律的方向性含义。

Thermal physics rests on two key equations: Q equals mcΔT for temperature changes and Q equals mL for phase changes. The classic trap is applying the specific heat equation to a melting or boiling process where temperature stays constant, when the latent heat equation should be used instead. Kinetic theory states that temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules, and internal energy is the sum of molecular kinetic and potential energies; concept questions on this appear regularly in Paper 1. The ideal gas equation pV equals nRT must be understood and applied at SL, while HL adds the first law of thermodynamics as a statement of energy conservation and the directional meaning of the second law.

五、Topic 4波动：波速方程、干涉与驻波 | Topic 4 Waves: The Wave Equation, Interference and Standing Waves

波动部分要先分清横波与纵波，掌握波速方程v=fλ，并牢记波的强度与振幅的平方成正比。杨氏双缝实验中条纹间距与波长、缝屏距离成正比，与双缝间距成反比，s=λD/d这个关系要能直接默写；波的叠加原理、干涉与衍射同样是重点，驻波中波节与波腹的位置判断也经常设问。HL同学还要会分析多普勒效应的频率变化，并区分声波与光波在传播特性上的差异。

In waves, first distinguish transverse from longitudinal waves, then apply the wave equation v equals fλ and remember that intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude. In Young's double-slit experiment, fringe spacing is proportional to wavelength and to the distance from slits to screen, and inversely proportional to slit separation; you should be able to recall the relation s equals λD divided by d without hesitation. The superposition principle, interference and diffraction are key topics, as is locating nodes and antinodes in standing waves. HL students must also analyse the frequency shift in the Doppler effect and compare how sound and light differ in their propagation properties.

六、Topic 5电磁学：欧姆定律、基尔霍夫定律与内阻 | Topic 5 Electricity and Magnetism: Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws and Internal Resistance

电学部分的核心是欧姆定律与电路分析。串联并联电路的等效电阻计算、基尔霍夫电流定律与电压定律、电池电动势与内阻的关系是Paper 1和Paper 2的共同考点，读伏安特性曲线图时要注意斜率对应的是电阻还是内阻。磁学部分要求理解磁场对通电导体的作用力，并会用左手定则判断洛伦兹力的方向。

Electricity centres on Ohm's law and circuit analysis. Equivalent resistance in series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, and the relationship between emf, terminal voltage and internal resistance appear in both Paper 1 and Paper 2. When reading current-voltage characteristic graphs, check carefully whether the gradient represents resistance or internal resistance. In magnetism you must understand the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field and use the left-hand rule to find the direction of the Lorentz force.

七、Topic 6-7圆周运动、引力与原子核物理 | Topics 6-7: Circular Motion, Gravitation and Nuclear Physics

圆周运动重点掌握向心加速度a=v²/r与向心力公式，卫星与行星轨道问题要结合万有引力定律和开普勒第三定律，注意区分轨道半径与星球半径，还要理解逃逸速度的含义。原子核物理包括卢瑟福散射模型、放射性衰变与半衰期、结合能、核裂变与核聚变，衰变方程的配平要写清楚质量数与电荷数守恒，铁元素附近结合能最大这个结论常用来解释能量释放。HL的量子部分还涉及光电效应与德布罗意波长。

Circular motion requires the centripetal acceleration a equals v squared over r and the corresponding centripetal force. Satellite and planetary orbit problems combine Newton's law of gravitation with Kepler's third law, so be careful to distinguish orbital radius from the radius of the central body, and understand what escape velocity means. Nuclear physics covers the Rutherford scattering model, radioactive decay and half-life, binding energy, fission and fusion, and decay equations must balance both mass number and charge number. The fact that binding energy per nucleon peaks near iron explains why both fission and fusion release energy. HL quantum topics add the photoelectric effect and the de Broglie wavelength.

八、Topic 8能源生产：八类能源与桑基图 | Topic 8 Energy Production: Eight Sources and Sankey Diagrams

能源生产是Core中最贴近生活的主题。需要了解化石燃料、核裂变、核聚变、太阳能、风能、水能、波浪能与潮汐能八类能源的工作原理与优缺点，能用桑基图表示能量转换过程中的各种损耗，并完成效率计算。考试常要求你从可持续性、成本、环境影响等维度比较两种能源，回答时先给结论再列两条理由最稳妥。

Energy production is the most everyday topic in the Core. You should know the working principles, advantages and disadvantages of eight sources: fossil fuels, fission, fusion, solar, wind, hydroelectric, wave and tidal. Sankey diagrams show where energy is lost at each conversion stage, and efficiency calculations follow directly from the diagram widths. Exam questions often ask you to compare two sources across sustainability, cost and environmental impact; the safest answer structure is a clear conclusion followed by two supporting reasons.

九、六周复习计划：每周双主题与交付物 | Six-Week Revision Plan: Two Topics per Week with Deliverables

建议考前六周开始系统复习。第一周复习Topic 1和2，第二周Topic 3和4，第三周Topic 5和6，第四周Topic 7和8，第五周做整套真题并严格限时模拟，第六周针对错题本查漏补缺并重做错题。每周的固定交付物包括：一份手写公式清单、一套对应主题的真题错题分析，以及一次限时训练，缺一不可。每周日抽出半小时做一次跨主题综合练习，把前几周的内容串起来，避免边复习边遗忘。

Start systematic revision six weeks before the exam. Week one covers Topics 1 and 2, week two Topics 3 and 4, week three Topics 5 and 6, week four Topics 7 and 8. Week five is for complete past papers under strict timing, and week six for fixing errors from your mistake log and redoing the questions you got wrong. Each week should deliver three fixed outputs: a handwritten formula checklist, an analysis of incorrect answers for that topic set, and one timed practice session. Missing any of the three weakens the whole plan. Set aside half an hour every Sunday for a cross-topic mixed exercise that links the previous weeks together, so earlier material does not fade while you revise new topics.

十、考试策略：Paper 1A/1B与Paper 2的分题型应对 | Exam Strategy: Handling Paper 1A, 1B and Paper 2

新大纲的Paper 1A是选择题且不允许使用计算器，考察心算、估算与单位换算能力；Paper 1B是数据题，重点训练曲线线性化、斜率计算与不确定度带判断；Paper 2包含简答题和拓展作答，必须写出公式、代入过程和单位。时间分配上按分值控制节奏，大致每分钟对应一分，超时先跳过回头再补。答题顺序上先做有把握的题，实验设计题要明确写出变量控制方法与重复测量方案。

Under the current syllabus Paper 1A is multiple choice without a calculator, so practise mental arithmetic, estimation and unit conversion. Paper 1B is data-based, testing graph linearisation, gradient calculations and judgement using error bars. Paper 2 mixes short answers with extended responses, and you must always show the formula, the substitution and the units. For pacing, roughly one minute per mark is a safe rule of thumb: skip any question that runs over time and come back to it later. Answer the questions you are confident about first, and in experimental design questions state exactly how variables are controlled and how many repeated measurements you would take.

十一、五大常见错误：矢量方向、相变与读数 | Top Five Mistakes: Vector Direction, Phase Change and Reading Values

常见错误第一是把矢量当标量，忘记速度与动量的方向；第二是在相变过程中误用Q=mcΔT而不用潜热公式；第三是把串联电路的总电压当成某个元件两端的电压；第四是万有引力题中混淆轨道半径与星球半径；第五是测量题漏写不确定度和单位。每个错误都有对应的检查步骤，做完题后按清单核对一遍能明显减少丢分。

The five most common mistakes are: treating vectors as scalars and ignoring the direction of velocity or momentum; applying Q equals mcΔT during a phase change instead of the latent heat equation; taking the total voltage of a series circuit as the voltage across a single component; mixing up orbital radius and planet radius in gravitation questions; and omitting uncertainty or units in measurement answers. Each error has a simple checking step, and running through the checklist after each question reduces careless mark loss noticeably.

十二、IA内部评估：研究问题设计与五项标准 | IA Quick Guide: Research Question Design and the Five Criteria

IA占IB物理总成绩的20%，其核心是设计一个边界清晰、可操作的研究问题。评分按个人参与、探索、分析、评价与交流五个维度进行，每个维度都有明确的描述性得分标准。选题建议从生活现象出发，例如比较不同材质保温杯的冷却曲线，数据采集要有足够多的重复测量，误差分析要与结论直接挂钩。

The IA contributes 20 percent of the final IB Physics grade, and its heart is a well-defined, workable research question. Marks are awarded across five criteria: personal engagement, exploration, analysis, evaluation and communication, each with descriptive level descriptors. Choose a topic from everyday life, such as comparing the cooling curves of thermoses made from different materials, take enough repeated measurements, and link your uncertainty analysis directly to the conclusion you draw.

十三、核心双语术语速记 | Core Bilingual Terms at a Glance

考前把高频术语过一遍：标量（Scalar）、矢量（Vector）、位移（Displacement）、速度（Velocity）、加速度（Acceleration）、动量（Momentum）、冲量（Impulse）、动能（Kinetic Energy）、比热容（Specific Heat Capacity）、潜热（Latent Heat）、理想气体（Ideal Gas）、波长（Wavelength）、频率（Frequency）、干涉（Interference）、衍射（Diffraction）、驻波（Standing Wave）、电阻（Resistance）、电动势（EMF）、内阻（Internal Resistance）、向心加速度（Centripetal Acceleration）、万有引力（Gravitation）、半衰期（Half-life）、结合能（Binding Energy）、核裂变（Fission）、核聚变（Fusion）、效率（Efficiency）、不确定度（Uncertainty）、线性化（Linearisation）、桑基图（Sankey Diagram）。把中英文对应关系熟记之后，读题速度和答题准确性都会有明显提升。

Review these high-frequency terms before the exam: scalar, vector, displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, impulse, kinetic energy, specific heat capacity, latent heat, ideal gas, wavelength, frequency, interference, diffraction, standing wave, resistance, electromotive force, internal resistance, centripetal acceleration, gravitation, half-life, binding energy, fission, fusion, efficiency, uncertainty, linearisation and Sankey diagram. Knowing both the Chinese and English forms of these terms helps you read Paper 1 and Paper 2 questions faster and answer them more accurately.

需要IB物理一对一辅导？

A-Level / GCSE / IB / KS2-KS3 全科辅导

16621398022

同微信 | 免费咨询课程规划

访问 aleveler.com 了解更多

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）