IB EE 选题 评分标准 各科写作 高分策略
The IB Extended Essay (EE) is a 4000-word independent research paper that every Diploma Programme student must complete. 它不仅是IB核心课程的重要组成部分，更是大学申请中最能展示你学术研究能力的作品。一篇优秀的EE需要展现出你对学术探究的深度理解、批判性思维能力，以及独立完成一项专业研究的毅力。
Unlike regular school essays, the EE demands that you formulate a focused research question, engage with scholarly sources, and build a coherent argument over ~4000 words. 与普通课堂作文不同，EE要求你提出一个聚焦的研究问题，与学术文献对话，并在约4000字的篇幅内构建一个连贯的论证。这意味着你需要像一个真正的学者一样思考和工作。
Step 1: Choosing Your Subject and Topic 第一步：选择学科和主题
The foundation of a successful EE is choosing the right subject and a well-focused topic. 成功的EE基础在于选择正确的学科和一个聚焦明确的研究主题。
Start with a subject you genuinely enjoy and in which you perform well. Your subject supervisor will be your primary guide, so pick a subject where you can find strong mentorship. 首先选择一个你真正喜欢并且成绩优异的学科。你的学科指导老师将是你最主要的引导者，所以选择一个你能获得强力指导的学科至关重要。
A common mistake is choosing a topic that is too broad. For example, "The impact of climate change" is far too wide. A better EE topic would be "To what extent has the decline of Arctic sea ice between 2000 and 2020 affected the migratory patterns of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)?" 一个常见错误是选择了过于宽泛的主题。例如"气候变化的影响"就太宽泛了，一个好的EE题目应该具体可操作，聚焦于一个可研究的切口。
Always check the subject-specific EE guidelines published by the IB. Each subject has its own requirements about acceptable methodologies and research approaches. 务必查阅IB发布的各学科EE指南。每个学科都有其关于可接受研究方法和途径的特定要求。
Step 2: Research Methodology 第二步：研究方法
Your research methodology is what separates an average EE from an outstanding one. 你的研究方法是区分普通EE和优秀EE的关键。
For science-based EEs (Biology, Chemistry, Physics), you will typically conduct experiments, collect primary data, and perform statistical analysis. 对于科学类EE（生物、化学、物理），你通常需要设计实验、收集一手数据并进行统计分析。Make sure your experiment is feasible within school lab resources and time constraints. 确保你的实验在学校实验室资源和时间限制内是可执行的。
For humanities EEs (History, Geography, Economics), you will primarily work with secondary sources -- academic journals, books, government reports, and statistical databases. 对于人文学科EE（历史、地理、经济），你主要使用二手资料，包括学术期刊、专著、政府报告和统计数据库。Your analytical framework matters more than the volume of sources you cite. 你的分析框架比你引用的资料数量更重要。
For literature EEs, you will engage in close textual analysis, examining themes, literary devices, narrative structure, and cultural context. 对于文学EE，你将进行细致的文本分析，审视主题、文学手法、叙事结构和文化语境。The quality of your interpretation is the measure of success. 你的阐释质量决定了论文的成败。
Subject-Specific Guidance 各学科写作要点
Sciences (Group 4): Focus on a single independent variable and a clearly measurable dependent variable. Your EE must demonstrate that you understand the underlying scientific theory, not just the experimental procedure. 科学类EE必须聚焦于单一自变量和清晰可测的因变量，展示你对科学原理的理解，而不仅仅是实验流程。Include error analysis, limitations, and suggestions for improvement. 包含误差分析、研究局限性和改进建议。
Mathematics: Avoid topics that simply apply known formulas. The best EEs demonstrate original mathematical reasoning, exploration of patterns, or application of advanced concepts to a novel problem. 数学EE应避免简单套用已知公式，最优秀的EE展示原创性的数学推理，探索模式或将高级概念应用于新颖问题。Rigor and precision are paramount. 严谨和精确至关重要。
History: Your EE must engage with historiography -- how different historians have interpreted the same event. 历史EE必须涉及史学史的讨论，即不同历史学家如何解读同一事件。Use primary sources wherever possible and evaluate their reliability and bias. 尽可能使用一手资料，并评估其可靠性和偏见。
Economics: Apply economic theory to a real-world situation. Collect data, construct diagrams, and explain your findings using economic concepts like elasticity, market failure, or macroeconomic indicators. 经济EE要将经济学理论应用于真实世界情境，收集数据、构建图表并用经济学概念解释你的发现。
English Literature: Your thesis should offer an original interpretation, not a summary of the plot. Examine how the author's stylistic choices create meaning. 文学EE的论点应提供一种原创性的解读而非情节概述，审视作者的风格选择如何创造意义。Compare texts if doing a Category 2 EE. 如果做的是第二类EE，需要对文本进行比较分析。
Step 3: Structuring Your EE 第三步：论文结构
A well-structured EE follows a clear academic format: Title Page, Abstract (300 words), Table of Contents, Introduction, Body (divided into logical sections), Conclusion, and References/Bibliography. 一篇结构良好的EE遵循清晰的学术格式：标题页、摘要（300词）、目录、引言、正文（分为逻辑连贯的小节）、结论、参考文献。
The Abstract is particularly important because it is the first (and sometimes only) part examiners read carefully. 摘要尤为重要，因为它是考官首先（有时是唯一）仔细阅读的部分。It must state your research question, methodology, and conclusion clearly and concisely. 它必须清晰简洁地陈述你的研究问题、方法和结论。
The Introduction should establish the significance of your topic and clearly state your research question. 引言应建立主题的重要性并明确提出研究问题。The Body should develop your argument step by step, with each section building on the previous one. 正文应逐步展开论证，每个小节在前一小节基础上推进。
The Conclusion must answer your research question directly and reflect on the research process. 结论必须直接回答研究问题并反思研究过程。Do not introduce new evidence in the conclusion. 不要在结论中引入新证据。
Assessment Criteria Breakdown 评分标准解析
The EE is graded on a scale of 0 to 34 using five criteria (A-E). EE评分采用0-34分制，包含五个评分标准。Understanding what examiners look for is half the battle. 理解考官寻找什么，就等于成功了一半。
Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 marks): Is your research question clearly stated and appropriately focused? Is your methodology well justified? 研究问题和研究方法：研究问题是否清晰表述并恰当聚焦？研究方法是否被充分论证？
Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 marks): Do you demonstrate a strong grasp of the subject's concepts and terminology? 知识和理解：你是否展示了对学科概念和术语的扎实掌握？Use subject-specific vocabulary accurately throughout. 全文准确使用学科专业术语。
Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 marks): This is the heaviest-weighted criterion. Do you analyze rather than describe? Is your argument logical and well-supported? 批判性思维是权重最高的标准。你是分析而非描述？你的论证是否逻辑严密且有充分支撑？
Criterion D: Presentation (4 marks): Is your EE professionally formatted? Are citations consistent (MLA, APA, Chicago)? 你的EE是否格式规范？引用格式是否一致？
Criterion E: Engagement (6 marks): Assessed through your Reflections on Planning and Progress Form (RPPF). 通过你的反思记录表（RPPF）评估。Show genuine intellectual growth across your three reflection sessions. 在三次反思会谈中展示真实的学术成长。
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 常见陷阱与规避方法
Descriptive rather than analytical: Many students fall into the trap of summarizing sources without building an argument. 许多学生陷入了总结资料而没有建立论证的陷阱。Every paragraph should serve your thesis. 每个段落都应为你的论点服务。
Weak research question: A question that can be answered with a simple yes/no or one that is too factual limits your ability to demonstrate critical thinking. 一个能用简单的对错回答或过于事实性的问题，限制了你展示批判性思维的能力。
Poor time management: The EE is a marathon, not a sprint. 写EE是一场马拉松，不是短跑。Break the process into milestones: topic selection, research, first draft, revisions, final submission. 将过程拆解为里程碑：选题、研究、初稿、修改、终稿提交。
Ignoring the reflection sessions: The RPPF carries 6 marks. 反思记录表占6分。Take these seriously and show how your thinking evolved. 认真对待并展示你的思考如何演变。
Final Tips for a Top-Scoring EE 高分秘诀
Read past high-scoring EEs in your subject. The IB publishes exemplars that show exactly what examiners reward. 阅读你所在学科往年高分EE范文。IB发布了范本，精确展示考官认可什么。
Meet with your supervisor regularly. Do not wait until the last month to show them your work. 定期与指导老师会面。不要等到最后一个月才给他们看你的成果。Feedback early and often is the most reliable path to a strong EE. 尽早获得反馈是通往一篇优秀EE的最可靠路径。
Proofread multiple times. Grammar mistakes, inconsistent formatting, and sloppy citations undermine the professionalism of your work. 多次校对。语法错误、格式不一致和粗糙的引用会破坏你论文的专业性。
Finally, choose a topic you are genuinely curious about. You will spend 40+ hours on this project -- passion will sustain you through the difficult moments. 最后，选择一个你真正好奇的主题。你将在这个项目上投入40小时以上，热爱会在困难时刻支撑你。
The Viva Voce and Final Reflections 答辩与最终反思
After submitting your EE, you will have a viva voce -- a short concluding interview with your supervisor. 提交EE后，你将进行一次viva voce，即与指导老师的简短总结性面谈。This is not a defense of your thesis but rather an opportunity to reflect on what you learned from the entire process. 这不是对你的论文进行答辩，而是一个反思你从整个过程中学到了什么的机会。
Prepare for the viva voce by reviewing your RPPF entries and thinking about how your research skills have developed. 通过回顾你的RPPF记录并思考你的研究技能如何发展来准备viva voce。Typical questions include: What was the most challenging aspect? What would you do differently? How has this experience shaped your approach to academic work? 典型问题包括：最具挑战性的方面是什么？你会做出哪些不同的选择？这次经历如何塑造了你的学术工作方式？
The viva voce is also your final chance to clarify any ambiguities in your essay. Examiners may refer to the viva voce report when borderline cases arise. 这也是你澄清论文中任何模糊之处的最后机会。当评分处于临界状态时，考官可能会参考viva voce报告。
Timeline and Milestones 时间线与关键节点
A well-managed EE timeline spans approximately 9 to 12 months across your first and second DP years. 一个管理良好的EE时间线跨越约9到12个月，覆盖你的第一和第二个DP学年。Here is a recommended schedule: 以下是一个推荐的时间安排。
Months 1-2: Brainstorm subjects, read exemplars, and narrow down potential topics. Meet with your coordinator to confirm your subject choice. 头脑风暴学科选择，阅读范文，缩小潜在主题范围。与协调员会面确认学科选择。
Months 3-4: Develop your research question, compile a preliminary bibliography, and complete the first reflection session (RPPF #1). 制定研究问题，编制初步参考文献，完成第一次反思记录。
Months 5-7: Conduct research, gather data, and write the first full draft. Submit for interim feedback and complete RPPF #2. 进行研究，收集数据，撰写第一版完整草稿。提交中期反馈并完成第二次反思记录。
Months 8-10: Revise based on supervisor feedback, polish formatting and citations, write the abstract, and complete RPPF #3. 根据指导反馈修改，完善格式和引用，撰写摘要，完成第三次反思记录。
Month 11-12: Final proofread, viva voce, and formal submission. 最终校对，viva voce，正式提交。
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