Edexcel历史 史料分析 出处 可靠度 例题
很多学生以为史料题就是把材料读一遍，把句子换个说法转述出来，再补上一段背景知识，最后拿到 8 到 10 分。Pearson Edexcel A Level History（代码 9HI0，2015 年 9 月起施教，2017 年首次考试）把史料评价单独放在两张卷子的 Section A，各 20 分，且只按 AO2 评分，mark scheme 里没有知识分。这意味着回答里的每一句都要落回材料本身：作者写了什么，为什么这样写，这份材料能承载多重的判断。以下按备考计划的形式，把出处信息的用法、五条评价标准的落点、45 分钟的时间切分、四周练习节奏和常见失分逐条拆开。
Source questions in Edexcel A Level History are marked against AO2 alone, and that single fact changes how an answer has to be built. Examiners reward close reading of provenance, tone and emphasis rather than a retelling of the source with a paragraph of background bolted on, because the Section A mark scheme carries no AO1 credit at all. The plan below turns that principle into a four-week routine that fits inside timed conditions.
史料题出现在哪两张卷子上
Paper 2 是 Depth study，考试时长 1 小时 30 分，满分 40 分，占 A Level 总分 20%，其中 Section A 是一道必答史料题，20 分，Section B 是二选一的论述题。Paper 3 是 Themes in breadth with aspects in depth，2 小时 15 分，满分 60 分，占 30%，Section A 同样是必答史料题，20 分，另外两道论述题各 20 分。2017 年 6 月 9HI0/36 真题的 Section A 题面给得很直白：Assess the value of the source for revealing（某一历史问题），并注明 Explain your answer, using the source, the information given about its origin and your own knowledge about the historical context，末尾括号里写着 20 分。Paper 1 的 Section C 考的是史家解读分析，对应 AO3，与史料评价不是同一套评分口径。练习方向因此很清楚：真正要反复计时写的，是 Paper 2 Section A 和 Paper 3 Section A 这两个位置。
Two papers carry a compulsory source question: Paper 2 Section A and Paper 3 Section A, each worth 20 marks. The stem used in the June 2017 9HI0/36 paper asks candidates to assess the value of a source for revealing a specific point, using the source, the information about its origin and their own contextual knowledge; the interpretations question on Paper 1 Section C sits under AO3 and demands different wording. Treating those two tasks as one skill is where preparation time usually goes to waste.
AO2 的评分口径没有知识分
Pearson 官方 Paper 2 (AO2) 示例册（Exemplar pack, Summer 2018）把 Section A 的考查目标写得很清楚：analyse and evaluate appropriate source material, primary and/or contemporary to the period, within its historical context。同一份文件还提醒，答案里单纯追加知识并不会加分，因为 Section A 的 mark scheme 根本没有 AO1 的给分点。最高档的要求是 secure understanding of the need to interpret source material in the context，也就是要看出作者的立场、优先关注的事情或写作意图如何影响这份材料能支撑多重的结论。阅卷采用 best fit，四个评分要点里哪一个够强、哪一个偏弱会一起决定档位。很多学生以为多写背景就能补上评价的窟窿，实际分数往往卡在 8 到 12 分的第三档。
The official Paper 2 AO2 exemplar pack states the target plainly: analyse and evaluate source material that is primary or contemporary to the period, within its historical context. It also warns that extra knowledge adds nothing to Section A, since the mark scheme holds no AO1 credit; the top level expects candidates to read the implications of an author's attitudes, priorities or intentions for the utility of the content. Marking then works on a best fit across the level descriptors, which is why a tightly argued evaluation can outscore a longer answer built on background.
出处信息怎么用：身份 日期 受众 目的
题面里的 origin 通常给四项：作者是谁，材料成于哪一年，属于什么类型（报纸社论、议会辩论记录、私人信件、政府报告、回忆录），以及写给谁看。拿到一位 1913 年都柏林罢工期间的报社记者的报道时，身份与受众会先决定基调：这家报纸的读者是中产阶级商户，罢工造成的停业会影响他们的生意，所以报道更可能强调秩序受损，而不是工人工资。同一事件的工会组织者留下的信件则会偏到另一边，重点放在警方的暴力与罢工的正当性上。评价句要写成对照式判断，例如这份材料对揭示罢工给市区商铺带来的损失很有效，但对普通工人家庭收入的说明会明显偏轻。学生最常把 origin 当成一段开场背景写完就再也不提，那样等于把五到六分的评价空间空在那里。
Origin information normally supplies four things: who wrote the source, when, in what form, and for which audience. A newspaper report from the 1913 Dublin strike tells you more about the commercial anxieties of its middle-class readership than about the wages of unskilled workers, while a union organiser's letter from the same weeks leans the other way; a useful answer states that contrast instead of listing the provenance. Many candidates lose the evaluation marks by writing a provenance paragraph at the start and never returning to it.
读史料的动作顺序与时间分配
Paper 2 留给史料题的时间大约 45 分钟，可以切成四段使用。前 5 分钟读题，把 question 里的限定词圈出来，比如 revealing the severity of the conditions 要求回答的是严重程度，不是动机或结果，然后在材料上划出三到四处能直接回应的句子。中间 25 分钟写三到四段，每段只管一个评价标准，段内固定顺序是判断、短引证、语境知识、证据重量。随后 10 分钟补 limitation，说明这份材料在哪些问题上会保持沉默，一份只记录伤亡数字的政府报告不会告诉你罢工的组织过程。最后 5 分钟回头核对每一段是否真的回答了 question 里的那个关键词，删掉与它无关的句子。Paper 3 的 2 小时 15 分要完成三道 20 分题，每道题同样按 45 分钟切，超时就跳到下一题。
Roughly 45 minutes of the Paper 2 paper belongs to the source question, and a workable split is five minutes decoding the question and marking three or four usable lines, twenty-five minutes writing three or four paragraphs that each apply one evaluative criterion, ten minutes adding what the source cannot show, and five minutes checking that every paragraph answers the key phrase in the question. Paper 3 gives two hours fifteen minutes for three 20-mark questions, so the same 45-minute slot applies to each of them. Overrunning on question one is the most common way candidates lose marks they had already earned.
评价标准的落点：语气 侧重 省略 典型性 互证
官方 mark scheme 要求评价使用 valid criteria，并且要 justified and applied，标准要说清楚，还要落到材料的具体内容上。常用的五条可以记成一组动作：看语气，判断材料是情绪化还是克制，克制不等于客观；看侧重，数一数材料花了多少篇幅在某一个细节上；看省略，找出该出现却没有出现的内容；看典型性，判断这份材料在那个年代算常态还是例外；看互证，把它与你读过的其他材料放在一起比较。一份 1917 年的英国报纸社论如果通篇谈粮食配给的影响，却完全不提同期的罢工，那处省略本身就是可用的评价点。常见的错误是只写一句 the source is biased because it was written by a politician，没有说明偏见通过哪一处措辞、哪一项省略影响了证据的分量，这种句子在阅卷时基本拿不到评价分。
Valid criteria have to be named and then applied to the actual wording, which is what justifies an evaluation rather than merely asserting it. Tone, emphasis, omission, typicality and corroboration cover most of what the level descriptors reward; a 1917 editorial that discusses rationing at length while never mentioning the strikes of that year supplies an omission worth analysing. A bare claim that a source is biased because a politician wrote it earns almost nothing, since it never explains how that interest shaped the weight the evidence can carry.
一个评价段落的五步写法
一个可用的评价段落通常按五步走。开门给判断，例如这份材料对说明罢工造成的经济损失很有价值；紧接着只引三到五个词，把原句的关键措辞钉住，不要整段转述。中间接一句这一时期的语境知识，比如 1913 年都柏林的停业潮让运输与零售业的损失最大。随后说明材料的性质如何调整证据的重量，一位立场明确的商会秘书长的证词，在说明商会自身诉求时最可信，在说明工人家庭收入时就明显不够。结尾用一句收束式判断把这段的评价落地，明确它支持哪一个结论。四段加起来大约 700 到 800 词，40 分钟内写完，比两段长议论更贴着 mark scheme 的四条要点。
A workable evaluation paragraph states a judgement, pins it to three or five words quoted from the source, adds contextual knowledge from the period, explains how the nature of the source adjusts the weight the evidence can bear, and closes with a decision that names what the paragraph has shown. Four paragraphs of about 700 to 800 words fit the 40-minute writing slot better than two long discursive ones. Quoting a whole sentence rarely helps, because the criterion has to be visible in the choice of words.
史料与史家解读别混：AO2 对应 AO3
Paper 1 的 Section C 给的是几位历史学家的不同解读，考的是 AO3，比较的是解释之间的差别与依据，不是材料出处。史料题考 AO2，对象是同时代的原始材料或当代材料，两套 mark scheme 的措辞与评分要点都不一样。Pearson 的 getting started 指南给出的权重是 AO1 占 50% 到 60%，AO2 占 20% 到 30%，AO3 占 20% 到 30%，史料评价在整套 A Level 里大约占一份的分量，但它出现在两张卷子上，丢分很直接。课程作业 9HI0/04 是 40 分、占 20%，要求 3000 到 4000 词，超出上限 10% 会失去最高档，题目还不能与已考模块重复。很多学生以为这三处可以套同一套写法，结果把解读分析写成了史料评价，两种题的分数一起丢。
Paper 1 Section C presents historians' interpretations and is marked against AO3, which asks candidates to analyse and evaluate those interpretations rather than the provenance of a document. AO2 belongs to contemporary source material, so the two mark schemes reward different wording; Pearson's getting started guidance puts the weighting at 50 per cent to 60 per cent for AO1, with AO2 and AO3 each in the 20 per cent to 30 per cent band. Coursework 9HI0/04 carries 40 marks and 20 per cent of the qualification, within a 3000 to 4000 word limit that candidates exceed at the risk of the top band.
四周备考计划：每周两篇计时练
第一周只练出处，找五份不同类型的材料（报纸、信件、政府报告、演讲、回忆录），对每份写出作者身份、受众、写作目的，以及一处可能影响证据分量的措辞，不做整篇答题。第二周开始计时做真题 Section A，每篇严格 45 分钟，写三段，写完后对照官方 mark scheme 的档位描述，逐条标注自己落在哪一档。第三周专攻互证与 limitation，把同一事件的两份材料放在一起，写一段说明两者在哪里一致、哪里冲突、冲突本身说明了什么。第四周做整卷，Paper 3 的 2 小时 15 分一次做完三道题，重点看有没有哪一题超时。每周两篇的量就够，一个周期大约 8 篇，比一周写五篇不回头改更有效。
A four-week cycle of two timed questions a week is enough to shift a grade: week one builds a provenance habit across five different source types, week two runs full Section A answers against the official level descriptors, week three pairs sources from the same event to work on corroboration and limitation, and week four sits a complete Paper 3 in one sitting. About eight marked answers over the cycle beats thirty unmarked ones. The habit that matters is rewriting one paragraph after each attempt, using the descriptors as a checklist.
失分最多的四件事
转述代替评价排在第一，学生把材料换几个词重写一遍，真正的评价句只占一两行。第二类是把 Section A 当成知识测验，写满时间线与人物，材料从头到尾只被提到一次。第三类是出处信息只在开头出现，后面再没有回到作者的身份与受众。第四类是用 biased 两个字结束评价，没有说明偏见作用在哪个环节。阅卷时最直接的区别，是看每一段有没有一个明确的评价标准，以及这个标准有没有落到材料的措辞上。改起来的顺序建议是：先把每段第一句写成判断句，再补引证，最后补语境知识。
Retelling the source instead of evaluating it tops the list, because a paraphrase can run for a page while the actual judgement occupies two lines. The other three failures are equally common: turning Section A into a knowledge test, mentioning provenance only in the opening sentence, and closing an evaluation with the single word biased. When examiners compare two answers of similar length, the decisive difference is whether each paragraph names a criterion and applies it to the wording of the source.
海外直订AQA GCSE History: Power and the People AQA GCSE历史:权力与人民¥359.0📱 去京东购买京东精选
需要一对一辅导？
A-Level / GCSE / IB / KS2-KS3 全科辅导，History 史料题与论述题都可以安排专项计时练习
16621398022 同微信
查看 A-Level History 学习资源
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图