📚 Brain Structure and Function | 大脑的结构与功能
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body, containing approximately 86 billion neurons organised into functionally distinct regions. It receives sensory information, integrates it, and generates motor output, while also controlling homeostasis and higher cognitive functions such as memory, language and emotion.
人脑是人体中最复杂的器官，包含约 860 亿个神经元，并组织成功能各异的不同区域。它接收感觉信息、进行整合、产生运动输出，同时调控稳态以及记忆、语言和情绪等高级认知功能。
1. Major Regions of the Brain | 大脑的主要分区
Embryologically, the brain develops from the anterior end of the neural tube and forms three primary vesicles: the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). These give rise to all adult brain structures.
从胚胎发育角度看，大脑由神经管前端分化而来，形成三个初级脑泡：前脑泡（前脑）、中脑泡（中脑）和菱脑泡（后脑）。这三个脑泡最终发育为成体大脑的所有结构。
The forebrain gives rise to the two cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and contains reflex centres for eye movement and auditory processing.
前脑发育为左右两个大脑半球、丘脑和下丘脑。中脑连接前脑与后脑，包含眼球运动和听觉加工的反射中枢。
The hindbrain differentiates into the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. These structures regulate balance, posture and essential autonomic reflexes such as breathing and heart rate.
后脑分化出脑桥、小脑和延髓。这些结构调节平衡、姿势以及呼吸和心跳等基本自主反射。
2. The Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex | 大脑与大脑皮层
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, occupying about 80% of its total mass. It is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum, a thick band of white matter that allows communication between the two sides.
大脑是脑部最大的结构，约占脑总质量的 80%。它分为左右两个半球，由胼胝体连接——胼胝体是一束致密的白质，使两半球之间可以进行信息交流。
The outer
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