📚 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Genetic Frequency Calculations | 哈迪-温伯格平衡定律与遗传频率计算
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) is a central concept in population genetics. It describes a theoretical situation in which allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that no evolutionary forces act upon the population. This 'null model' allows biologists to detect whether evolution is occurring by comparing observed frequencies with those expected under HWE.
哈迪-温伯格平衡（HWE）是群体遗传学的核心概念。它描述了一种理想情况：在没有进化力量作用于群体的前提下，群体中的等位基因频率和基因型频率在世代间保持不变。这一零模型使生物学家可以通过比较观察到的频率与HWE预期的频率来检测是否发生了进化。
1. What Is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? | 什么是哈迪-温伯格平衡？
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that in a large, randomly mating population with no mutation, no natural selection, and no migration, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant across generations. The model applies to a single locus with two alleles, usually denoted A and a.
哈迪-温伯格平衡指出：在一个随机交配、无突变、无自然选择、无迁移的大型群体中，等位基因和基因型的频率在世代间保持不变。该模型适用于一个具有两个等位基因（通常记为 A 和 a）的位点。
If the frequency of allele A is p and the frequency of allele a is q, then the sum of all allele frequencies at that locus must equal 1.
如果等位基因 A
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