📚 Gas Laws and Their Applications | 气体定律及其应用
Gas laws describe the physical behaviour of gases under changes in pressure, volume, temperature and amount of substance. They are fundamental to chemistry, physics and engineering, and appear in nearly every A-Level chemistry examination, from ideal gas calculations to equilibrium constants (Kp).
气体定律描述气体在压力、体积、温度和物质的量变化下的物理行为。它们是化学、物理和工程学的基础，在几乎所有A-Level化学考试中都会出现，涵盖理想气体计算到平衡常数（Kp）等考点。
1. Kinetic Molecular Theory | 分子运动理论
The kinetic molecular theory provides the theoretical foundation for the gas laws. It makes several key assumptions about ideal gases.
分子运动理论为气体定律提供了理论基础。它对理想气体作出了若干关键假设。
Assumption 1: Point masses - Gas particles occupy negligible volume compared with the container volume.
假设一：质点——与容器体积相比，气体粒子自身占据的体积可忽略不计。
Assumption 2: No intermolecular forces - There are no attractive or repulsive forces between gas particles.
假设二：无分子间作用力——气体粒子之间不存在吸引或排斥力。
Assumption 3: Elastic collisions - Particles move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and with the container walls; kinetic energy is conserved overall
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