📚 Costs, Revenue, Profit and Production in the Short Run and Long Run | 短期与长期中的成本、收益、利润与生产
In economics, understanding how firms make production decisions requires a clear grasp of costs, revenue and profit. These concepts differ between the short run, where at least one factor is fixed, and the long run, where all factors can be varied. This article explains the key types of costs, revenue and profit, and analyses production behaviour in both time horizons.
在经济学中，理解企业如何做出生产决策需要清晰掌握成本、收益与利润的概念。这些概念在短期与长期中有所不同：短期至少有一种生产要素固定，而长期所有要素均可调整。本文将解释成本、收益与利润的主要类型，并分析企业在两种时间跨度下的生产行为。
1. Types of Cost | 成本类型
Costs are classified in several ways. The most important distinction is between fixed and variable costs.
成本有多种分类方式，最重要的区别是固定成本与可变成本。
- Fixed costs (FC) do not vary with output, such as rent, insurance and salaries of permanent staff. They exist even when output is zero.
- 固定成本（FC）不随产量变化，如租金、保险和长期雇员薪金；即使产量为零也会存在。
- Variable costs (VC) change with output, such as raw materials and energy bills. They are zero when output is zero.
- 可变成本（VC）随产量变化，如原材料和能源费用；当产量为零时其为零。
From these, we define total cost, average cost and marginal cost.
由此定义总成本、平均成本和边际成本。
TC = FC + VC
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