📚 A-Level Economics: The Overall Framework of Macroeconomics | A-Level 经济：宏观经济整体框架
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. It helps us understand how total output, average prices, employment and international payments change over time, and how governments and central banks can respond to economic instability.
宏观经济学从整体视角研究经济体。它帮助我们理解总产出、总体价格水平、就业与国际收支如何随时间变化，以及政府和央行如何应对经济不稳定。
1. What Is Macroeconomics? | 什么是宏观经济学？
Microeconomics analyses individual choices, such as a consumer's demand for coffee or a firm's supply of labour. Macroeconomics aggregates these individual decisions into economy-wide variables such as total consumption, total investment, the price level and the unemployment rate.
微观经济学分析个体选择，例如消费者对咖啡的需求或企业的劳动力供给。宏观经济学则将无数个体决策加总为整体经济变量，例如总消费、总投资、总体价格水平和失业率。
In the CIE syllabus, macroeconomics begins with three fundamental identities: output, income and expenditure are equal in national income accounting; planned injections equal planned leakages in equilibrium; and aggregate demand equals aggregate supply when the economy is in balance.
在 CIE 考纲中，宏观经济学起点是三个基本恒等式：在国民收入核算中，产出、收入与支出相等；均衡状态下，计划注入等于计划漏出；经济实现均衡时，总需求等于总供给。
2. The Circular Flow of Income | 收入循环流量
The circular flow model shows how spending flows around the economy. In a simple two-sector economy, households receive income from firms and spend it on goods and services. This creates a circular flow of real output and money income.
循环流量模型展示支出如何在经济体内流转。在简单的两部门经济中，家庭从企业获得收入，并用收入购买商品和服务，从而形成实际产出与货币收入的循环流转。
In an open economy with government and foreign trade, the circular flow is modified by withdrawals and injections.
在包含政府与对外贸易的开放经济中，循环流量受到漏出与注入的影响。
Leakages = Saving (S) + Taxation (T) + Import Spending (M)
漏出 = 储蓄 (S) + 税收
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