📚 Integration of Functions of the Form f(ax+b) | 形如f(ax+b)型函数的积分法
n f with a linear expression ax+b. Typical examples are ∫sin(3x+2) dx, ∫(2x−1)⁵ dx, and ∫e4x+7 dx. These integrals can be evaluated quickly if we apply a simple adjustment factor 1/a. This article explains the general rule, proves it by substitution, and provides worked examples suitable for A-Level mathematics.
在微积分中,我们经常会遇到被积函数是某个已知函数 f 与线性表达式 ax+b 复合而成的积分,例如 ∫sin(3x+2) dx、∫(2x−1)⁵ dx 和 ∫e4x+7 dx。只要应用一个简单的修正因子 1/a,这些积分就能快速求出。本文将解释这一通用法则,通过换元法给出证明,并提供适合 A-Level 数学的例题。
1. The General Rule | 一般法则
n antiderivative of f, so that F′ = f. Then for any constants a and b with a ≠ 0, we have:
设 F 是 f 的一个原函数,即 F′ = f。那么对于任意常数 a 和 b,且 a ≠ 0,有:
∫ f(ax+b) dx = (1/a) F(ax+b) + C
The factor 1/a appears because differentiating F(ax+b) with respect to x gives a·f(ax+b) by the chain rule. Therefore, to integrate f(ax+b), we first integrate f to obtain F, then replace the variable by ax+b, and finally divide by a.
出现因子 1/a 的原因是:根据链式法则,对 F(ax+b) 关于 x 求导得到 a·f(ax+b)。因此,要积分 f(ax+b),我们先对 f 积分得到 F,然后将变量替换为 ax+b,最后除以 a。
2. Power Functions (ax+b)ⁿ | 幂函数 (ax+b)ⁿ 的积分
For n ≠ −1, the rule gives:
当 n ≠ −1 时,该法则给出:
∫ (ax+b)ⁿ dx = (ax+b)ⁿ⁺¹ / [a(n+1)] + C
nd we divide by a(n+1). For example, ∫(2x+3)⁴ dx = (2x+3)⁵ / (2·5) + C = (2x+3)⁵ / 10 + C.
注意指数增加 1,并且要除以 a(n+1)。例如,∫(2x+3)⁴ dx = (2x+3)⁵ / (2·5) + C = (2x+3)⁵ / 10 + C。
. For instance, ∫1/(3x−1)² dx = ∫(3x−1)⁻² dx = (3x−1)⁻¹ / [3·(−1)] + C = −1/[3(3x−1)] + C.
如果指数为负,只要 n ≠ −1,同样的法则仍然适用。例如,∫1/(3x−1)² dx = ∫(3x−1)⁻² dx = (3x−1)⁻¹ / [3·(−1)] + C = −1/[3(3x−1)] + C。
3. Exponential Functions eax+b | 指数函数 eax+b 的积分
Since the derivative of eax+b is a·eax+b, reversing the chain rule gives:
因为 eax+b 的导数是 a·eax+b,逆用链式法则得到:
∫ eax+b dx = (1/a) eax+b + C
For example, ∫e5x−2 dx = (1/5)e5x−2 + C. This formula also covers functions like ∫23x+1 dx if we rewrite 23x+1 = e(3x+1)ln2; the result is 23x+1/(3ln2) + C.
例如,∫e5x−2 dx = (1/5)e5x−2 + C。该公式也适用于 ∫23x+1 dx 等函数,只需将 23x+1 改写为 e(3x+1)ln2,结果为 23x+1/(3ln2) + C。
4. Trigonometric Functions | 三角函数
The linear adjustment applies directly to standard trigonometric integrals. The following table lists the most useful results:
线性修正因子可直接应用于标准三角积分。下表列出了最常用的结果:
| Integral | 积分 | Result | 结果 |
| ∫ sin(ax+b) dx | −(1/a) cos(ax+b) + C |
| ∫ cos(ax+b) dx | (1/a) sin(ax+b) + C |
| ∫ sec²(ax+b) dx | (1/a) tan(ax+b) + C |
| ∫ csc²(ax+b) dx | −(1/a) cot(ax+b) + C |
| ∫ sec(ax+b)tan(ax+b) dx | (1/a) sec(ax+b) + C |
| ∫ csc(ax+b)cot(ax+b) dx | −(1/a) csc(ax+b) + C |
ifferentiate (1/a)sin(ax+b) to obtain cos(ax+b), confirming the formula for ∫cos(ax+b) dx.
作为验证,对 (1/a)sin(ax+b) 求导得到 cos(ax+b),从而确认 ∫cos(ax+b) dx 的公式正确。
5. Reciprocal Functions 1/(ax+b) | 倒数函数 1/(ax+b) 的积分
−1 is special because the power rule fails. The correct result uses the natural logarithm:
n = −1 的情形很特殊,因为幂法则失效。正确结果需要使用自然对数:
∫ 1/(ax+b) dx = (1/a) ln|ax+b| + C
For example, ∫1/(2x+3) dx = (1/2)ln|2x+3| absolute values when ax+b is known to be positive; always follow the notation required by your syllabus.
例如,∫1/(2x+3) dx = (1/2)ln|2x+3| + C。绝对值很重要,因为对数仅在正数时有定义,而 ax+b 可能为负。某些考试局在 ax+b 已知为正时忽略绝对值;请务必遵循你所在教学大纲的要求。
6. Substitution Proof: Let u = ax+b | 换元法证明:令 u = ax+b
proved rigorously by substitution. Let u = ax+b. Then du/dx = a, so dx = du/a. Therefore:
一般法则可以通过换元法严格证明。令 u = ax+b,则 du/dx = a,所以 dx = du/a。因此:
∫ f(ax+b) dx = ∫ f(u) · (1/a) du = (1/a)∫ f(u) du = (1/a)F(u) + C = (1/a)F(ax+b) + C
b is especially useful when the integrand is more complicated than a simple standard form.
这个证明清楚地展示了因子 1/a 的来源:它是 u = ax+b 的导数的倒数。当被积函数比简单的标准形式更复杂时,换元 u = ax+b 尤其有用。
7. Definite Integrals: Changing the Limits | 定积分:更换积分限
he limits to u-values. If x runs from p to q, then u = ax+b runs from ap+b to aq+b. Hence:
对于定积分,我们可以先积分再用原来的上下限代入,也可以将积分限换成 u 的值。若 x 从 p 到 q,则 u = ax+b 从 ap+b 到 aq+b。因此:
∫ₚᵠ f(ax+b) dx = (1/a)∫ap+baq+b f(u) du
= 1, u = 3. Then the integral becomes (1/2)∫₁³ u³ du = (1/2)[u⁴/4]₁³ = (1/8)(81 − 1) = 10.
例:计算 ∫₀¹ (2x+1)³ dx。令 u = 2x+1。当 x = 0 时,u = 1;当 x = 1 时,u = 3。于是积分变为 (1/2)∫₁³ u³ du = (1/2)[u⁴/4]₁³ = (1/8)(81 − 1) = 10。
8. Common Mistakes and Pitfalls | 常见错误与陷阱
equent error is writing ∫cos(3x) dx = sin(3x) + C. The correct answer is (1/3)sin(3x) + C.
忘记除以 a。最常见的错误是把 ∫cos(3x) dx 写成 sin(3x) + C。正确答案是 (1/3)sin(3x) + C。
power rule when n = −1. ∫(ax+b)⁻¹ dx is not (ax+b)⁰/0; it must be treated as a logarithm.
在 n = −1 时使用幂法则。∫(ax+b)⁻¹ dx 不是 (ax+b)⁰/0;必须按对数处理。
Dropping the absolute value in logarithmic results, which can lead to domain errors.
在对数结果中忽略绝对值,这可能导致定义域错误。
Forgetting to change the limits when using substitution in a definite integral.
在定积分中使用换元法时忘记更换积分限。
Sign errors when a is negative. For example, ∫1/(1−x) dx = −ln|1−x| + C, not +ln|1−x| + C.
当 a 为负时出现符号错误。例如,∫1/(1−x) dx = −ln|1−x| + C,而不是 +ln|1−x| + C。
9. Worked Example: Polynomial Combination | 综合例题:多项式组合
Evaluate ∫(3x+2)⁴ + 5/(3x+2) dx.
计算 ∫(3x+2)⁴ + 5/(3x+2) dx。
so ∫(3x+2)⁴ dx = (3x+2)⁵/(3·5) = (3x+2)⁵/15. For the second term, ∫5/(3x+2) dx = 5·(1/3)ln|3x+2| = (5/3)ln|3x+2|. Therefore the full integral is:
我们逐项积分。对于第一项,n = 4,a = 3,所以 ∫(3x+2)⁴ dx = (3x+2)⁵/(3·5) = (3x+2)⁵/15。对于第二项,∫5/(3x+2) dx = 5·(1/3)ln|3x+2| = (5/3)ln|3x+2|。因此完整积分为:
(3x+2)⁵/15 + (5/3)ln|3x+2| + C
This example shows how the linear rule combines smoothly with algebraic simplification.
这个例子说明线性法则如何与代数化简顺利结合。
10. Worked Example: Trigonometric with Definite Limits | 综合例题:三角函数的定积分
Evaluate ∫₀π/6 cos(3x − π/4) dx.
计算 ∫₀π/6 cos(3x − π/4) dx。
s(ax+b) dx with a = 3, an antiderivative is (1/3)sin(3x − π/4). Now substitute the limits:
利用 ∫cos(ax+b) dx 的公式,a = 3,一个原函数是 (1/3)sin(3x − π/4)。现在代入上下限:
(1/3)[sin(π/2 − π/4) − sin(0 − π/4)] = (1/3)[sin(π/4) − sin(−π/4)] = (1/3)(√2/2 + √2/2) = √2/3
Notice that sin(−π/4) = −√2/2, so the two terms add rather than cancel.
注意 sin(−π/4) = −√2/2,因此两项是相加而不是相消。
11. Practice Problems | 练习
Try the following questions before checking the answers below.
请先尝试完成以下题目,再核对下方答案。
∫(4x−1)³ dx
∫(4x−1)³ dx
∫e2x+5 dx
∫e2x+5 dx
∫sin(5x) dx
∫sin(5x) dx
∫₀¹ 1/(2x+1)² dx
∫₀¹ 1/(2x+1)² dx
∫sec²(3x−1) dx
∫sec²(3x−1) dx
Answers: 1) (4x−1)⁴/16 + C. 2) (1/2)e2x+5 + C. 3) −(1/5)cos(5x) + C. 4) [−1/(2(2x+1))]₀¹ = −1/6 + 1/2 = 1/3. 5) (1/3)tan(3x−1) + C.
答案:1) (4x−1)⁴/16 + C。2) (1/2)e2x+5 + C。3) −(1/5)cos(5x) + C。4) [−1/(2(2x+1))]₀¹ = −1/6 + 1/2 = 1/3。5) (1/3)tan(3x−1) + C。
12. Summary | 总结
the limits can be changed accordingly. Mastery of this technique saves time and reduces errors in exams.
要积分形如 f(ax+b) 的函数,先正常对 f 积分得到 F,将变量替换为 ax+b,再除以 a。这条简单法则适用于幂函数、指数函数、三角函数和倒数函数。它总可以用换元 u = ax+b 来证明,对于定积分可以相应更换积分限。熟练掌握这一技巧能节省时间,并在考试中减少错误。
Published by TutorHao | Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图